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...d 1045 BCE after leading armies from the west to invade the Central Plains of China, defeating the [[Shang Dynasty]] at Muye. ...from the corrupt Shang. The Zhou concept of Heaven, and of the Mandate of Heaven, which was not shared by the Shang, would be retained throughout later Chin

Xunzi, also known as Xun Kuang, was a [[Confucianism|Confucian]] philosopher of the [[Warring States period]]. ...him to leave; he was then appointed to an official position in the [[State of Chu]].

...od from the reign of [[Emperor Montoku]] (r. [[850]]-[[858]]) through that of [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] in the 1580s-1590s. ...similar fashion, invoking the ancient Chinese concept of the [[Mandate of Heaven]].

...imself. Like Confucius and [[Mozi]], he is known chiefly from a collection of his sayings and teachings referred to simply as ''The Mencius''. ...ial to peace and order. Mencius' teachings also stand in contrast to those of his rough contemporary [[Xunzi]], who supported the notion that human natur

...and responding to them with assertions of the legitimacy of Yongzheng, and of the [[Qing Dynasty]] as a whole. Following its compilation, the ''Dàyì ju ...l. Further, the text cites ancient examples to argue that the [[Mandate of Heaven]] has never distinguished between [[Han Chinese]] (''Hua'') and others (''Y

...and devoted much of his attention to her, distracting him from the matters of governing the country. ...nd killed King You, leading to the beginning of the Eastern Zhou, a period of considerable disunity and chaos.

...itual vessel, early Eastern Zhou, c. 8th century BCE. Santa Barbara Museum of Art]] ...f Heaven]], a concept not shared by the Shang; the use of the term "Son of Heaven" (''tiānzi'') to refer to the Chinese emperor originates at this time.

...eed as a nephew, and not a son, of the previous emperor. A great supporter of [[Taoism]], he has been referred to as "the Taoist Emperor." ...-bureaucrats reasserted their power, they worked to diminish the influence of court [[eunuchs]]; some were even put to death.

...asty]] by members of the Nguyen family of Tay Son, which ended in the fall of the Le. ...etook the city once more, driving the Qing forces, and Le Chieu Thong, out of Vietnam.

...Seikan'', or "Mirror of [[Chuzan|Chûzan]]," was the first official history of Okinawa to be compiled. It was written in [[1650]], in [[Japanese language| ...the reign of [[Sho Sei (尚清)|Shô Sei]]. There is no discussion of the reign of [[Sho Shin|Shô Shin]]; the reason for this is unknown.

*''Titles: King of [[Kingdom of Ryukyu|Ryûkyû]] (1461-1469)'' ...First Shô Dynasty. According to traditional accounts, he was the third son of King [[Sho Taikyu|Shô Taikyû]], who he succeeded in [[1461]].

...ations of emperors, from 221 to 206 BCE, the Qin represents the beginnings of a great many customs and standards in Chinese Imperial history. Further, it ...4th century BCE, annexing the [[State of Shu]] in 316 BCE, and the [[State of Chu]] four years later.

*''Titles: King of [[Chuzan|Chûzan]] (c. 1355-1395)'' ...which would continue for roughly five hundred years, almost until the fall of the [[Qing Dynasty]].

...dynasty eventually fell to a peasant rebellion, the [[Han Chinese]] leader of which then established the [[Ming Dynasty]] in [[1368]]. ...e, Civil Appointments, War, Punishments, and Public Works. Towards the end of the dynasty, this chancellor came to exercise more ''de facto'' power than

...the [[Shimazu clan]] of [[Satsuma han|Kagoshima domain]], and remains part of [[Kagoshima prefecture]] today. ...ref name=smits18>Gregory Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu, 1050-1650'', University of Hawaii Press (2019), 18-20.</ref>

...]] (221-206 BCE) which preceded it, represents the beginning of the period of Imperial China. ...ple" to refer to the core/majority Chinese ethnicity (in contrast to those of [[Manchu]], [[Mongol]], [[Tibet]]an, [[Miao people|Hmong]], or other ethnic

...l of [[Beijing]] to [[Manchu]] invaders in [[1644]], marking the beginning of the [[Qing Dynasty]], China's last imperial dynasty. ...at Nanjing, he returned the capital to Beijing. Much of the Ming elements of the Great Wall and Forbidden City survive today.