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Chinese had been permitted to move more freely up until the late 17th century, when in [[1689]], in response to a rise in smuggling activities,<ref>Mizuno Norihito, “China in Tokugawa Foreign Relations: The Tokugawa Bakufu’s Perception of and Attitudes toward Ming-Qing China,” ''Sino-Japanese Studies'' 15 (2003), 140n181.</ref> the ''Tôjin yashiki'' compound was constructed and the Chinese were restricted to it, as the Dutch were on Dejima. No women were permitted in the compound, with the exception of [[courtesans]] from the [[Maruyama]] pleasure district; the courtesans were also the only Japanese permitted in the district other than shogunate officials. Though permitted to stay overnight on Dejima, the courtesans were not permitted to do so in the Chinese compound. The compound was also provided with a supply of pork, from pigs raised just outside the city.<ref>Herbert Plutschow, ''A Reader in Edo Period Travel'', Kent: Global Oriental (2006), 47.</ref>
Chinese had been permitted to move more freely up until the late 17th century, when in [[1689]], in response to a rise in smuggling activities,<ref>Mizuno Norihito, “China in Tokugawa Foreign Relations: The Tokugawa Bakufu’s Perception of and Attitudes toward Ming-Qing China,” ''Sino-Japanese Studies'' 15 (2003), 140n181.</ref> the ''Tôjin yashiki'' compound was constructed and the Chinese were restricted to it, as the Dutch were on Dejima. No women were permitted in the compound, with the exception of [[courtesans]] from the [[Maruyama]] pleasure district; the courtesans were also the only Japanese permitted in the district other than shogunate officials. Though permitted to stay overnight on Dejima, the courtesans were not permitted to do so in the Chinese compound. The compound was also provided with a supply of pork, from pigs raised just outside the city.<ref>Herbert Plutschow, ''A Reader in Edo Period Travel'', Kent: Global Oriental (2006), 47.</ref>
In the 1820s, many residents of the ''Tôjin yashiki'' managed to bribe their way into freer movement around the city, and freer & more direct interactions with Japanese merchants. The shogunate attempted to put an end to this by having [[Kuroda Naritaka]], lord of [[Fukuoka han]], station guards outside the Chinese compound. The Chinese responded with a three-day-long riot, and though the samurai were able to restore order, trade in the port - and revenues for the shogunate's [[Nagasaki kaisho|Nagasaki customs house]] in particular - declined in the 1830s. The shogunate initially blamed this decline on competition from smuggling organized or supported by [[Satsuma han]], but in fact, the weakness of the Dutch East India Company in the 1800s-1820s, and increased competition for the foreign merchants from domestic Japanese products played important roles as well.<ref>Hellyer, 133-136.</ref>
==References==
==References==
