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[[File:Suona.jpg|right|thumb|320px|A Chinese ''suǒnà'' and ''hǎidí'' on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
[[File:Suona.jpg|right|thumb|320px|A Chinese ''suǒnà'' and ''hǎidí'' on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
*''Chinese/Japanese'': 嗩吶 ''(suǒnà / sonai)''
*''Chinese/Japanese'': 嗩吶 ''(suǒnà / sonai)'', チャルメラ ''(charumera)''
The ''suǒnà'', sometimes known as a shawm in English, is a Chinese double-reed oboe-like instrument derived from the Middle Eastern ''zurna''. Though not generally used in Japanese traditions, street processions performed by [[Ryukyuan embassies to Edo]] included ''suǒnà'' alongside a number of gongs and drums.
The ''suǒnà'', sometimes known as a shawm in English, is a Chinese double-reed oboe-like instrument derived from the Middle Eastern ''zurna''. Though not generally used in Japanese traditions, [[rojigaku|street processions]] performed by [[Ryukyuan embassies to Edo]] included ''suǒnà'' alongside a number of gongs and drums; the sound of the ''suǒnà'' was considered a symbol of the king's authority, and as something which ornamented or added to his presence.<ref>Kaneshiro Atsumi 金城厚, “Ryūkyū no gaikō girei ni okeru gakki ensō no imi” 「琉球の外交儀礼における楽器演奏の意味」, Musa ムーサ 14 (2013), 59.</ref> The ''suǒnà'' was also used in Ryukyuan ''[[uzagaku]]'' (chamber music) performances, both within the Ryukyuan royal court, and by members of the embassies performing in [[Shimazu clan]] [[daimyo yashiki|mansions]] or [[Edo castle|the shogun's castle]] in [[Edo]].
The ''suǒnà'' was first introduced into China in the early 16th century, and comes in a variety of sizes, with smaller ones being called ''hǎidí'' (海笛). It is played using circular breathing to maintain a constant tone. The ''suǒnà'' was primarily used in military contexts in China, traditionally, but is today played either solo or in ensembles.
An 18th century Ryukyuan ''suona'' surviving in [[Owari Tokugawa clan|Tokugawa]] collections is made primarily of brass and [[lacquer]]ed wood. Seven finger holes on one side of the instrument, and one on the reverse side, are coated on the inside with [[gold leaf]]. One more hole allows a tassel to be attached, for decorative purposes, and does not affect the sound of the instrument.<ref>''Okinawa bijutsu zenshû'' 5, 342.</ref>
Where the instrument ''does'' appear in Japanese contexts, it is often called the ''charumera'', from the Portuguese ''charamela'', which in turn derived from the French term ''chalumeau''.<ref>Higa Etsuko, Robin Thompson (trans.), ''Uzagaku: The Vanished Tradition of Ryukyuan Court Music'', CD liner notes, Uzagaku fukugen ensô kenkyûkai (2007), 18.</ref>
The ''suǒnà'' was first introduced into China in the early 16th century, and comes in a variety of sizes, with smaller ones being called ''hǎidí'' (海笛, lit. "ocean flute"). It is played using circular breathing to maintain a constant tone. The ''suǒnà'' was primarily used in military contexts in China, traditionally, but is today played either solo or in ensembles.
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==References==
==References==
*Gallery labels, Musical Instruments gallery, Metropolitan Museum of Art.
*Gallery labels, Musical Instruments gallery, Metropolitan Museum of Art.
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[[Category:Art and Architecture]]
[[Category:Art and Architecture]]
[[Category:Poetry and Theater]]
[[Category:Poetry and Theater]]
