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*''Dates: [[1127]]-[[1279]]''
*''Dates: [[1127]]-[[1279]]''
*''Chinese/Japanese'': 南宋 ''(Nan-song / Nansou)''
*''Chinese/Japanese'': 南宋 ''(Nánsòng / Nansou)''
The Southern Song Dynasty, based at [[Hangzhou]] (then called Lin'an), ruled the southern half of China following the loss of northern China to invasion by the [[Jurchens]] in [[1127]]. The period was one of many notable artistic and cultural developments; much poetry and painting of the period centered on themes of loss and of desire to reconquer the north.
The Southern Song Dynasty, based at [[Hangzhou]] (then called Lin'an), ruled the southern half of China following the loss of northern China to invasion by the [[Jurchens]] in [[1127]]. The period was one of many notable artistic and cultural developments; much poetry and painting of the period centered on themes of loss and of desire to reconquer the north.
==Economics==
After the first emperor of the dynasty, [[Emperor Gaozong of Song]], spent some time fleeing from the Jurchens, and then hiding out on a small off-shore island, he returned to the mainland to establish Lin'an as the capital in [[1138]]. He then concluded a treaty with the Jurchen [[Jin Dynasty]] in [[1142]], agreeing to pay regular [[tribute]] to the Jin, and accepting the [[Huai River]] as the northern boundary of Song territory. Fighting broke out again between the Song and the Jin in [[1161]]-[[1165]], though the superior Song navy was able to keep the Jurchens from crossing the [[Yangtze River|Yangtze]]. This pattern repeated in a series of conflicts in [[1206]]-[[1208]].<ref name=schiro208>Conrad Schirokauer, et al, ''A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations'', Fourth Edition, Cengage Learning (2012), 208.</ref>
By the 13th century, the Song dynasty's governmental fiscal administration was operated chiefly with paper money, which was used extensively in private exchanges as well, alongside metal cash. Much Chinese coin made its way to Japan, where, by 1300, imported Chinese coins were the chief mode of currency.<ref>Bonnie Smith, et al. ''Crossroads and Cultures'', vol. B, Bedford St. Martins (2012), 387-388.</ref>
The Jin fell to the [[Mongols]] in [[1234]]; the Southern Song managed to resist the Mongol advance for another 45 years, before finally falling in [[1279]].
==Demographics & Economics==
Following the fall of [[Kaifeng]] (the capital of the [[Northern Song Dynasty]]) to the Jurchens, hundreds of thousands of people, including 20,000 high officials, tens of thousands of lower-ranking members of official staffs, and over 400,000 members of the military and their families, fled south and resettled in the new Imperial capital of Lin'an. Roughly two-thirds of the people, and the wealth, in China were located in the south already by this time;<ref name=schiro208/> as a result, even after losing huge swaths of territory to the north, the Southern Song was still able to remain fairly strong economically.
The dynasty's production of [[Chinese currency|copper coins]] dropped off dramatically, to only 2-3% of what annual production had been under the Northern Song.<ref>Richard von Glahn, "The Ningbo-Hakata Merchant Network and the Reorientation of East Asian Maritime Trade, 1150-1350," ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' 74:2 (2014), 251-252.</ref> By the 13th century, the Song dynasty's governmental fiscal administration was operated chiefly with paper money, which was used extensively in private exchanges as well, alongside metal cash. Much Chinese coin made its way to Japan, where, by 1300, imported Chinese coins were the chief mode of currency.<ref>Bonnie Smith, et al. ''Crossroads and Cultures'', vol. B, Bedford St. Martins (2012), 387-388.</ref>
While ports in [[Fujian province|Fujian]] and [[Guangdong province]]s remained quite active, [[Ningbo]] came to eclipse [[Quanzhou]] as the chief port of the empire, rising in large part due to its proximity to both the imperial capital of Lin'an and the Japanese port of [[Hakata]].<ref>Richard von Glahn, "The Ningbo-Hakata Merchant-Monk Network And The Reorientation Of East Asian Maritime Trade 1150-1300," talk given at UC Santa Barbara Confucius Institute, 17 May 2018.</ref>
==Culture==
[[Footbinding]], which began to spread among elite society in the Northern Song Period, became firmly entrenched by the end of the Southern Song, especially among the wives & daughters of officials.<ref>Patricia Ebrey, ''The Inner Quarters: Marriage and the Lives of Chinese Women in the Sung Period'', University of California Press (1993), 37-40.</ref> In certain other respects, however, women enjoyed a fair degree of rights and autonomy; they were able to inherit, hold, and pass down property, and when they married, retained their dowries as their own property. Women could also petition for divorce, and though [[Confucianism|Confucian]] orthodoxy looked down upon it, it was quite common for women to remarry after divorce, or after being widowed. While women did not officially study for the [[Chinese imperial examinations|Confucian civil exams]], and were not permitted to sit for the exams, fathers came during the Song to take pride in educating their daughters, and suitors came to more highly value & seek out a cultured and educated bride.<ref>Schirokauer, et al, 215.</ref>
Chan (J: [[Zen]]) Buddhism was at the heights of its popularity in China at this time; Chan temples came to outnumber those of any other sect, and a variety of prominent masters and teachings emerged at this time. Many of the greatest Chan painters in Chinese tradition also date to the Southern Song, including [[Muqi]] and [[Liang Kai]].<ref>Schirokauer, et al, 202-203.</ref>
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