Seals

• Japanese: 落款 (rakkan); 印鑑 (inkan)

Japanese seals have traditionally served a role similar to signatures, on official documents, paintings, and works of calligraphy. They are typically carved from small blocks of stone, and dipped in vermillion ink to imprint a stylized form of the user's name, or another design, onto paper or silk.

In China

Imperial seals were exclusively made of precious materials such as gold and jade beginning in the Qin Dynasty.

In Japan

Seals most commonly employ white characters, the red filling the negative space. These are called hakubun'in (lit. "white characters seal"), while the reverse, in which the characters are imprinted directly in red, are called shubun'in (lit. "red characters seal").

In medieval Japan, the most formal way for a document to be signed was with a kaô, a stylized version of the author's signature. A black-ink seal (kokuin) was considered somewhat less formal than the kaô, and a vermillion or red-ink seal (shuin) somewhat less formal still.