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Sakamoto Ryoma (view source)

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=Sakamoto Ryoma=
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* ''Born:[[1835]]/11/15''
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* ''Born: November 15 [[1835]]''
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* ''Died:[[1867]]/12/10''
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* ''Died: December 10 [[1867]]''
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* ''Other name: Saitani Umetarô''
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* Japanese: 坂本竜馬 ''(Sakamoto Ryouma)''
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* ''Japanese'': 坂本龍馬直柔 ''(Sakamoto Ryôma Naonari)''
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[[Image:Ryoma.jpg|frame|right|Photograph of '''Sakamoto Ryoma''']]
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==Sakamoto Ryôma Timeline==
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* [[1835]] Born on November 15 in Tosa as the second son into the [[Goshi|Gôshi]] (low ranking samurai) household of Sakamoto Hachihei Naotari
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* [[1848]] Started studying swordsmanship at the local dôjô and quickly became one of the dôjô’s most gifted students.
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* [[1853]] Completed his training in swordsmanship and received his certificate
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**Began advanced training in swordsmanship at the famed Chiba dôjô in [[Edo]].
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**Saw the U.S. Navy “black ships” under the command of Commodore [[Matthew Perry]], rousing feelings of both curiosity and a strong anti-foreign zeal
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* [[1854]] Completed his training at the Chiba dôjô and returned to Tosa where he learned more about the West from scholar [[Kawada Shoryo]]
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* [[1858]] Returned to Edo to receive his license in swordsmanship from the Chiba dojo
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* [[1861]] Joined the [[Tosa han|Tosa]] Loyalist Party, led by longtime friend, [[Takechi Zuizan]] (Hanpeita), with the aim of expelling the foreigners and restoring power to the emperor
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* [[1862]] Fled Tosa without han permission to become a ronin in Edo to work with other loyalists to push their [[Sonno|Sonnô]] [[Joi|Jôi]] agenda
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** Sets out to assassinate [[Katsu Kaishu]], commissioner of the Tokugawa navy, due to his calls for opening up the country to foreign trade. Instead of killing him, Ryoma becomes one of Katsu’s disciples
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* [[1863]] Katsu secures a pardon for Ryoma for leaving Tosa, but he refuses han orders to return, remaining an “outlaw” [[Ronin|Rônin]]
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** Put in charge of the [[Kaientai]], in Kobe, an auxiliary naval training unit established by Katsu Kaishu
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** Introduced to [[Yokoi Shonan]], an influential loyalist from Fukui, who advocated opening the country
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* [[1864]] Met [[Saigo Takamori|Saigô Takamori]], a [[Satsuma han|Satsuma]] loyalist leader, one of the future masterminds behind the future overthrow of the Tokugawa bakufu
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* [[1865]] Established Japan’s first foreign trading company, the Kameyama-shachu in Nagasaki, with the help of Saigo, to run supplies to loyalists in Choshu.
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** Met [[Choshu han|Chôshu]] loyalist leader [[Katsura Kogoro|Katsura Kogorô]] and begins to push longtime enemies, Satsuma and Choshu to form an anti-Tokugawa alliance
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* [[1866]] Successfully brokered the secret military alliance between Satsuma and Choshu that will seal the fate of the [[Tokugawa clan|Tokugawa]] [[Bakufu]]. 
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**  One night after the conclusion of the Satsuma-Choshu alliance, Ryoma fights his way out of the [[Teradaya]] using a Smith & Wesson revolver during a raid by pro-bakufu police forces.
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** On the advice of [[Komatsu Tatewaki]] and Saigô Takamori, travels to [[Satsuma province]] with his wife Oryô, to spend time in the [[onsen]] recovering from his wounds. They stay for a time at Komatsu's home, and later visit [[Kirishima]] as well.<ref>Historical plaques at corner of Miami and Izuro-dôri in Kagoshima.</ref>
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*[[1867]] Received a second pardon from Tosa
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** Reorganized the Kameyama-shachu into the Tosa-Kaientai, and is appointed its head.
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** While running guns, the Kaintai vessel lroha is struck by a vessel belonging to Kii. Ryoma files a law suit under the premise that the Kii ship violated the laws of the sea as stipulated under international law. Receives an out-of-court settlement.
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** Formulated his Eight-Point Program, calling for a new government structure to replace the Tokugawa baku-han system.
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** [[Goto Shôjiro|Gotô Shojirô]], head of the Tosa bureaucracy, passes a written memorial calling for the immediate restoration of imperial rule and a new government based on Ryoma’s Eight-Point Program to the leader of Tosa, [[Yamauchi Yodo|Yamauchi Yôdô]], who passes the document to the bakufu.
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**[[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]], accepts the memorial from Tosa and resigns as Shogun, returning political power to the imperial court.
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**Assassinated with fellow Tosa loyalist, [[Nakaoka Shintaro|Nakaoka Shintarô]] by pro-bakufu forces on December 10
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==Sakamoto Ryoma Timeline==
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==Sakamoto's 8 Point Plan for Imperial Restoration and Governance==
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* 1835 Born on November 15 in Tosa as the second son into the goshi (low ranking samurai) household of Sakamoto Hachihei Naotari
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{{:Eight Point Plan}}
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* 1848 Started studying swordsmanship at the local dojo and quickly became one of the dojo’s most gifted students.
  −
* 1853 Completed his training in swordsmanship and received his certificate
  −
** Began advanced training in swordsmanship at the famed Chiba dojo in Edo (Tokyo)
  −
** Saw the U.S. Navy “black ships” under the command of Commodore Matthew Perry, rousing feelings of both curiosity and a strong anti-foreign zeal
  −
* 1854 Completed his training at the Chiba dojo and returned to Tosa where he learned more about the West from scholar Kawada Shoryo
  −
* 1858 Returned to Edo to receive his license in swordsmanship from the Chiba dojo
  −
* 1861 Joined the Tosa Loyalist Party, led by longtime friend, Takechi Zuizan (Hanpeita), with the aim of expelling the foreigners and restoring power to the emperor
  −
* 1862 Fled Tosa without han permission to become a ronin in Edo to work with other loyalists to push their [[sonno joi]] agenda
  −
** Sets out to assassinate Katsu Kaishu, commissioner of the Tokugawa navy, due to his calls for opening up the country to foreign trade. Instead of killing him, Ryoma becomes one of Katsu’s disciples
  −
* 1863 Katsu secures a pardon for Ryoma for leaving Tosa, but he refuses han orders to return, remaining an “outlaw” ronin
  −
** Put in charge of the Kaientai, in Kobe, an auxiliary naval training unit established by Katsu Kaishu
  −
** Introduced to Yokoi Shonan, an influential loyalist from Fukui, who advocated opening the country
  −
* 1864 Met [Saigo Takamori], a Satsuma loyalist leader, one of the future masterminds behind the future overthrow of the Tokugawa bakufu
  −
* 1865 Established Japan’s first foreign trading company, the Kameyama-shachu in Nagasaki, with the help of Saigo, to run supplies to loyalists in Choshu.
  −
** Met Choshu loyalist leader Katsura Kogoro and begins to push longtime enemies, Satsuma and Choshu to form an anti-Tokugawa alliance
  −
* 1866 Successfully brokered the secret military alliance between Satsuma and Choshu that will seal the fate of the Tokugawa bakufu. 
  −
** One night after the conclusion of the Satsuma-Choshu alliance, Ryoma fights his way out of the [Teradaya] using a Smith & Wesson revolver during a raid by pro-bakufu police forces.
  −
1867 Received a second pardon from Tosa
  −
** Reorganized the Kameyama-shachu into the Tosa-Kaientai, and is appointed its head.
  −
** While running guns, the Kaintai vessel lroha is struck by a vessel belonging to Kii. Ryoma files a law suit under the premise that the Kii ship violated the laws of the sea as stipulated under international law. Receives an out-of-court settlement.
  −
** Formulated his Eight-Point Program, calling for a new government structure to replace the Tokugawa baku-han system.
  −
** Goto Shojiro, head of the Tosa bureaucracy, passes a written memorial calling for the immediate restoration of imperial rule and a new government based on Ryoma’s Eight-
  −
Point Program to the leader of Tosa, [Yamauchi Yodo], who passes the document to
  −
the bakufu.
  −
** [ [Tokugawa Yoshinobu]], accepts the memorial from Tosa and resigns as Shogun,
  −
returning political power to the imperial court.
  −
** Assassinated with fellow Tosa loyalist, Nakaoka Shintaro by pro-bakufu forces on December 10
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==Sakamoto Ryoma in Fiction==
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===Movies===
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* Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1911 Yokota Shokai
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* Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1914
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* Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1911 Yoshizawa Shokai
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* Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1921
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* Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1924
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* Ryoma Ansatsu (竜馬暗殺) 1927
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* Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1928
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* Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1928
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* Kaien Taicho Sakamoto Ryoma (海援隊長 坂本龍馬) 1931
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* Kaien Taicho Sakamoto Ryoma Kyoraku-hen(海援隊長　阪本竜馬　京洛篇) 1931
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* Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1932
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* Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1936
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* Bakumatsu (幕末) 1970 (Director:Ito Daisuke)
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* Ryoma Ansatsu (竜馬暗殺) 1974 (Director:Kuroki Kazuo)
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* Bakumatsu Seishun Grafiti Ronin Sakamoto Ryoma (幕末青春グラフィティ Ronin 坂本龍馬) 1986 (Director:Kawai Yoshitaka)
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===Television===
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* Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1958 NTV
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* Bakumatsu Monogatari Sakamoto Ryoma-hen (幕末物語　坂本龍馬編) 1959 MBS
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* Ryoma ga Yuku (竜馬がゆく) 1965 MBS
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* Ryoma ga Yuku (竜馬がゆく) 6th NHK Taiga Drama 1968
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* Ryoma ga Yuku (竜馬がゆく) 1982 TX
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* Bakumatsu Seishun Grafiti Sakamoto Ryoma (幕末青春グラフィティ 坂本竜馬) 1982 NTV
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* Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) 1989 TBS
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* Ryoma ni omakase (竜馬におまかせ) 1996 NTV
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* Ryoma ga yuku (竜馬がゆく) 1997 TBS
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* Ryoma ga Yuku (竜馬がゆく) 2004 TX
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* Yukuna! Ryoma (ゆくな！龍馬) 2005 CX
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* Ryôma den (龍馬伝) 2010 NHK Taiga Drama
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===Books===
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* Ryoma ga yuku (龍馬がゆく) [[Shiba Ryotaro]]
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* Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) [[Yamaoka Sohachi]]
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* Ryoma no Meiji (龍馬の明治) Nakatsu Fumihiko
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* Ryoma (龍馬) Tsumoto Yo
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* Toshizo to Ryoma (歳三と龍馬)
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* Ryoma den (龍馬伝) Tsuka Kohei
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* Sakamoto Ryoma (坂本龍馬) Kunimitsu Shiro
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* Kawaracho Sanjo Kudaru Ryoma Ansatsu(河原町三条下ル、龍馬暗殺) Hirose Niki
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* Ryoma Zanei (龍馬残影) Tsumoto Yo
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* Ryoma Ansatsu (龍馬暗殺) Saotome Mitsugu
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* Kagemusha Ryoma (影武者龍馬) Kaku Kozo
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* Sakamoto Ryoma no Shogai (坂本龍馬の生涯) Shimaoka Akira
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===Kabuki===
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* Ryôma ga yuku (竜馬がゆく) - adaptation of the Shiba Ryôtarô novel
    
==References==
 
==References==
 
* Hillsborough, Romulus. ''RYOMA- Life of a Renaissance Samurai''. Ridgeback Press, 1999
 
* Hillsborough, Romulus. ''RYOMA- Life of a Renaissance Samurai''. Ridgeback Press, 1999
 
* Jansen, Marius B. ''Sakamoto Ryoma and the Meiji Restoration''. Columbia University Press, 1994.  
 
* Jansen, Marius B. ''Sakamoto Ryoma and the Meiji Restoration''. Columbia University Press, 1994.  
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* The Sakamoto Ryoma Memorial Museum’s Webpage: http://www.kochi-bunkazaidan.or.jp/~ryoma/english1.htm
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* [http://www.kochi-bunkazaidan.or.jp/~ryoma/english1.htm The Sakamoto Ryoma Memorial Museum’s Webpage]
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<references/>
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[[Category:Bakumatsu]][[Category:Edo Period]]
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[[Category:Bakumatsu]][[Category:Edo Period]][[Category:Samurai]]
 
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LordAmeth
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