Changes

For a brief period in the 16th-17th centuries, Japanese overseas activity and presence in Southeast Asia and elsewhere in the region boomed. Sizeable Japanese communities known as ''Nihonmachi'' could be found in many of the major ports and political centers of the region, where they exerted significant political and economic influence.

For a brief period in the 16th-17th centuries, Japanese overseas activity and presence in Southeast Asia and elsewhere in the region boomed. Sizeable Japanese communities known as ''Nihonmachi'' could be found in many of the major ports and political centers of the region, where they exerted significant political and economic influence.

The Japanese had been active on the seas and across the region for centuries, traveling for commercial, political, religious and other reasons. The 16th century, however, saw a dramatic increase in such travel and activity. The internal strife of the [[Sengoku period]] caused a great many people, primarily [[samurai]], commoner merchants, and [[Christianity|Christian refugees]] to seek their fortunes across the seas. Many of the samurai who fled Japan around this time were those who stood on the losing sides of various major conflicts; some were [[ronin]], some veterans of the [[Korean Invasions|Japanese invasions of Korea]] or of various other major conflicts. As [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] and later the [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokugawa shoguns]] issued repeated bans on Christianity, many fled the country; a significant portion of those settled in Catholic Manila<ref>Wray. p8.</ref>.

The Japanese had been active on the seas and across the region for centuries, traveling for commercial, political, religious and other reasons. The 16th century, however, saw a dramatic increase in such travel and activity. The internal strife of the [[Sengoku Period]] caused a great many people, primarily [[samurai]], commoner merchants, and [[Christianity|Christian refugees]] to seek their fortunes across the seas. Many of the samurai who fled Japan around this time were those who stood on the losing sides of various major conflicts; some were [[ronin]], some veterans of the [[Korean Invasions|Japanese invasions of Korea]] or of various other major conflicts. As [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] and later the [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokugawa shoguns]] issued repeated bans on Christianity, many fled the country; a significant portion of those settled in Catholic Manila<ref>Wray. p8.</ref>.

As a result of the [[Ming dynasty]]'s [[hai jin|ban]] on direct Sino-Japanese trade or travel, the various lands of Southeast Asia became the primary destinations. Beginning in 1567, the ban was lifted for trade and contact in Southeast Asia, and many traders who would otherwise have been deemed [[wako|pirates]] for their violation of the ban were thus able to engage in legal activity, though trade and travel directly between China and Japan remained illegal<ref>Wray. p2.</ref>. These factors combined with a number of others to create a vibrant trading scene across East and Southeast Asia, a period which Southeast Asian historian [[Anthony Reid]] has dubbed "the Age of Commerce."<ref>Reid.</ref>

As a result of the [[Ming dynasty|Ming dynasty's]] ban on direct Sino-Japanese trade or travel, the various lands of Southeast Asia became the primary destinations. Beginning in 1567, the ban was lifted for trade and contact in Southeast Asia, and many traders who would otherwise have been deemed [[wako|pirates]] for their violation of the ban were thus able to engage in legal activity, though trade and travel directly between China and Japan remained illegal<ref>Wray. p2.</ref>. These factors combined with a number of others to create a vibrant trading scene across East and Southeast Asia, a period which Southeast Asian historian [[Anthony Reid]] has dubbed "the Age of Commerce."<ref>Reid.</ref>

Japanese abroad worked in a myriad of roles, though most were merchants, mercenaries, sailors, soldiers, servants, or manual laborers of various sorts<ref>Wray. pp8-9.</ref>. The establishment of the [[shuinsen|red seal ships]] system by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in the 1590s, and its continuation under [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] in the early decades of the 17th century caused this trade and overseas activity to reach a climax and enter a golden age. Through these maritime adventurers and overseas communities, Japanese entrepôt trade in Southeast Asia thrived. Many of the more active ports came to have a port master, or head of the Japanese community; this port master, called ''syahbandar'' in Malay and Indonesia, oversaw the activities of the residents of the ''Nihonmachi'', served as a liaison between the community and the local authorities, and played an important role in coordinating the port's trade with non-resident Japanese traders who came to the port<ref>Wray. p9.</ref>.

Japanese abroad worked in a myriad of roles, though most were merchants, mercenaries, sailors, soldiers, servants, or manual laborers of various sorts<ref>Wray. pp8-9.</ref>. The establishment of the [[shuinsen|red seal ships]] system by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in the 1590s, and its continuation under [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] in the early decades of the 17th century caused this trade and overseas activity to reach a climax and enter a golden age. Through these maritime adventurers and overseas communities, Japanese entrepôt trade in Southeast Asia thrived. Many of the more active ports came to have a port master, or head of the Japanese community; this port master, called ''syahbandar'' in Malay and Indonesia, oversaw the activities of the residents of the ''Nihonmachi'', served as a liaison between the community and the local authorities, and played an important role in coordinating the port's trade with non-resident Japanese traders who came to the port<ref>Wray. p9.</ref>.