Changes

Hakata, today part of modern-day [[Fukuoka City]], was the chief port on [[Kyushu]] throughout the pre-modern period (up until the imposition of [[maritime restrictions]] by the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] in the 1630s). As the nearest port in "mainland" Japan to the Asian continent, it was the chief point through which official embassies to and from the continent, as well as traders, traveled. In the [[Heian period]], it was the only port in the [[Japanese archipelago]] where the Heian [[Imperial court]] officially permitted foreign trade, though many other ports saw vibrant unofficial trade (i.e. smuggling) throughout the period.<ref>Richard von Glahn, "The Ningbo-Hakata Merchant Network and the Reorientation of East Asian Maritime Trade, 1150-1350," ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' 74:2 (2014), 258.</ref>

Hakata, today part of modern-day [[Fukuoka City]], was the chief port on [[Kyushu]] throughout the pre-modern period (up until the imposition of [[maritime restrictions]] by the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] in the 1630s). As the nearest port in "mainland" Japan to the Asian continent, it was the chief point through which official embassies to and from the continent, as well as traders, traveled. In the [[Heian period]], it was the only port in the [[Japanese archipelago]] where the Heian [[Imperial court]] officially permitted foreign trade, though many other ports saw vibrant unofficial trade (i.e. smuggling) throughout the period.<ref>Richard von Glahn, "The Ningbo-Hakata Merchant Network and the Reorientation of East Asian Maritime Trade, 1150-1350," ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' 74:2 (2014), 258.</ref>

An official lodging known as the [[Korokan|Kôrôkan]] was maintained in Hakata in the [[Heian period]] to house foreign merchants. For much of the Heian period, Chinese and Korean merchants were restricted to this compound, but by the end of the period a Chinese community had become established in the port city.<ref>Geoffrey Gunn, ''History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800'', Hong Kong University Press (2011), 213.</ref> It largely grew out of consignment agents (''gangshou'') who took up residence in Hakata, taking Japanese wives, and operating inns, warehouses, and other establishments related to the trade. Some of these ''gangshou'' became notable patrons of Japanese Buddhist temples, or influential figures in other respects; a number of Buddhist temples in Hakata have strong ties to members of this Chinese community as patrons who supported their establishment. Some members of this community became landholders, or even ''[[jito|jitô]]'' (stewards) of ''[[shoen|shôen]]'' estates.<ref>von Glahn, 273-274.</ref> Their power began to become eclipsed, however, by the mid-13th century, as ''[[kenmon]]'' such as Buddhist temples, samurai families, and court aristocrat families came to dominate local economies throughout the archipelago.<ref>von Glahn, 278-279.</ref>

An official lodging known as the [[Korokan|Kôrôkan]] was maintained in Hakata in the [[Heian period]] to house foreign merchants. For much of the Heian period, Chinese and Korean merchants were restricted to this compound, but by the end of the 11th century a Chinese community had become established in the port city.<ref>Geoffrey Gunn, ''History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800'', Hong Kong University Press (2011), 213.</ref> It largely grew out of consignment agents (''gangshou'', 綱首) who took up residence in Hakata, taking Japanese wives, and operating inns, warehouses, and other establishments related to the trade. Some of these ''gangshou'' became notable patrons of Japanese Buddhist temples, or influential figures in other respects; a number of Buddhist temples in Hakata have strong ties to members of this Chinese community as patrons who supported their establishment. Some members of this community became landholders, or even ''[[jito|jitô]]'' (stewards) of ''[[shoen|shôen]]'' estates.<ref>von Glahn, 273-274.</ref> Their power began to become eclipsed, however, by the mid-13th century, as ''[[kenmon]]'' such as Buddhist temples, samurai families, and court aristocrat families came to dominate local economies throughout the archipelago.<ref>von Glahn, 278-279.</ref>

Hakata and the immediately surrounding area were the chief sites where Mongol forces landed, and were fought, during the [[Mongol Invasions]] of [[1274]] and [[1281]].

Hakata and the immediately surrounding area were the chief sites where Mongol forces landed, and were fought, during the [[Mongol Invasions]] of [[1274]] and [[1281]].