Changes

Mayahana Buddhism, which allowed for a syncretic pantheon of Buddhist deities, incorporating figures from Chinese folk religions alongside numerous other [[Buddha|Buddhas]] and [[bodhisattva]]s, of whom the [[Shakamuni|historical Buddha]] was only one, took root relatively easily in China, as compared to Theravada Buddhism, which focused more strongly on the historical Buddha and his teachings. Buddhist concepts such as [[karma]] also shifted and changed, adapting for example to the Chinese focus on the family, and on ancestors, rather than on individual honor or virtue.

Mayahana Buddhism, which allowed for a syncretic pantheon of Buddhist deities, incorporating figures from Chinese folk religions alongside numerous other [[Buddha|Buddhas]] and [[bodhisattva]]s, of whom the [[Shakamuni|historical Buddha]] was only one, took root relatively easily in China, as compared to Theravada Buddhism, which focused more strongly on the historical Buddha and his teachings. Buddhist concepts such as [[karma]] also shifted and changed, adapting for example to the Chinese focus on the family, and on ancestors, rather than on individual honor or virtue.

Taoist heads of some Chinese states persecuted Buddhism harshly, including in northern China from [[446]]-[[452]], and again from [[574]]-[[578]]. However, other states were more accepting of the new religion. The rulers of the [[Northern Wei Dynasty]] ([[386]]-[[534]]) were among the first, and most prominent, to convert to Buddhism and advocate its spread. The so-called [[Emperor Wu of Liang|"Bodhisattva Emperor" Wu]] entered monastic life on three occasions, being ransomed back from the temples by his nonplussed courtiers.<ref name=craig50/> Buddhism gained significant traction in southern China at that same time. Shrines and temples began to be built, and monks and their institutions to gain wealth and power as elites, inspired by the idea of gaining spiritual merit through acts of faith and charity, began to donate land and funds to Buddhist institutions.

Taoist heads of some Chinese states persecuted Buddhism harshly, including in northern China around [[446]]-[[452]], around [[574]]-[[578]], and again around [[845]]. However, while ire was directed against Buddhist monasteries, which were seen to be amassing wealth and power, popular belief & practice of Buddhism was never targeted, nor would it be in later periods of Imperial China. Meanwhile, other states were more accepting of the new religion. The rulers of the [[Northern Wei Dynasty]] ([[386]]-[[534]]) were among the first, and most prominent, to convert to Buddhism and advocate its spread, though [[Emperor Taiwu]] (r. [[424]]-452) of that dynasty was to lead one of the more prominent efforts at suppression.<ref>Schirokauer, et al, 88.</ref> The so-called [[Emperor Wu of Liang|"Bodhisattva Emperor" Wu]] entered monastic life on three occasions, being ransomed back from the temples by his nonplussed courtiers.<ref name=craig50/> Buddhism gained significant traction in southern China at that same time. Shrines and temples began to be built, and monks and their institutions to gain wealth and power as elites, inspired by the idea of gaining spiritual merit through acts of faith and charity, began to donate land and funds to Buddhist institutions.

Buddhism gained more widespread popularity (i.e. among the masses) in the sixth century, as it began to take on new forms specifically adapted to Chinese society, and became more accessible to the masses. The emergence of [[Pure Land Buddhism]] at this time was a key element of these developments, focusing on the idea of salvation through faith, committing oneself to a spiritual and upright life, and through the aid of compassionate deities, especially [[Amitabha]] (Amida Buddha, the Buddha of the Western Paradise, i.e. the Pure Land) and [[Kannon|Guanyin]] (J: Kannon), the bodhisattva of compassion. Other forms of Buddhism required its devotees to possess significant wealth (to donate to Buddhist temples), leisure time (to devote to prayer, ritual, and study of religious texts), and learning (to study the religious texts, and to perform complex rituals); by contrast, Pure Land Buddhism focused on simpler rituals, and expressions of faith.

Buddhism gained more widespread popularity (i.e. among the masses) in the sixth century, as it began to take on new forms specifically adapted to Chinese society, and became more accessible to the masses. The emergence of [[Pure Land Buddhism]] at this time was a key element of these developments, focusing on the idea of salvation through faith, committing oneself to a spiritual and upright life, and through the aid of compassionate deities, especially [[Amitabha]] (Amida Buddha, the Buddha of the Western Paradise, i.e. the Pure Land) and [[Kannon|Guanyin]] (J: Kannon), the bodhisattva of compassion. Other forms of Buddhism required its devotees to possess significant wealth (to donate to Buddhist temples), leisure time (to devote to prayer, ritual, and study of religious texts), and learning (to study the religious texts, and to perform complex rituals); by contrast, Pure Land Buddhism focused on simpler rituals, and expressions of faith.

[[Zen|Chan Buddhism]] (J: Zen) was another major form of Buddhism to develop in China, gaining a widespread following among elites in the 8th century. Like Pure Land Buddhism, it rejected religious texts, deities, and complex ([[Esoteric Buddhism|Esoteric]]) rituals, and focused instead on the personal pursuit of enlightenment, through meditation and spiritual contemplation of essential questions and concepts. Where Pure Land Buddhism placed relatively little focus on monasticism, however, being a more popular form of religion, Chan embraced the monastic tradition; the truest devotees of Chan Buddhism became monks, and devoted themselves to meditation and spiritual pursuits within a Chan monastery.

 

[[Zen|Chan Buddhism]] (J: Zen) was another major form of Buddhism to develop in China, gaining a widespread following among elites in the 8th century. Like Pure Land Buddhism, it rejected religious texts, deities, and complex (Esoteric) rituals, and focused instead on the personal pursuit of enlightenment, through meditation and spiritual contemplation of essential questions and concepts. Where Pure Land Buddhism placed relatively little focus on monasticism, however, being a more popular form of religion, Chan embraced the monastic tradition; the truest devotees of Chan Buddhism became monks, and devoted themselves to meditation and spiritual pursuits within a Chan monastery.

 

 

 

 

===Introduction in Japan===

===Introduction in Japan===

[[File:Todaiji.jpg|right|thumb|400px|The main hall at [[Todai-ji|Tôdai-ji]]]]

[[File:Todaiji.jpg|right|thumb|400px|The main hall at [[Todai-ji|Tôdai-ji]]]]

The introduction of Buddhism to Japan from Korea is believed to have taken place in the sixth century, though scholars differ on the date. Some of the most commonly cited dates include [[538]]<ref>[[Albert M. Craig]], ''The Heritage of Japanese Civilization'', Second Edition, Prentice Hall (2011), 10.</ref> and [[552]].<ref>Timon Screech, ''Obtaining Images'', University of Hawaii Press (2012), 347.</ref>

The introduction of Buddhism to Japan from Korea is believed to have taken place in the sixth century, though scholars differ on the date. Some of the most commonly cited dates include [[538]]<ref>[[Albert M. Craig]], ''The Heritage of Japanese Civilization'', Second Edition, Prentice Hall (2011), 10.</ref> and [[552]].<ref>Timon Screech, ''Obtaining Images'', University of Hawaii Press (2012), 347.</ref>

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