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...ef> It was only in the 1790s that this "cultural" concept of ''jôi'', as [[Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi]] refers to it, began to transform into a more militari *[[Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi]], ''Anti-Foreignism and Western Learning in Early Mode

*[[Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi]], ''Anti-Foreignism and Western Learning in Early Mode

*[[Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi]], ''Anti-Foreignism and Western Learning in Early Mode

*[[Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi]], ''Anti-Foreignism and Western Learning in Early Mode

...''[[joi|jôi]]'' ("expulsion of the barbarians") in the 19th century.<ref>[[Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi]], ''Anti-Foreignism and Western Learning in Early Mode