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*Treaty of St Petersburg 1875 - incl. stipulation that Japanese settlers could live as permanent residents in Russian territories (Sakhalin) and Russian settlers as permanent residents in Japanese territories.
*Lake Akan - ainu word for unchanging or everlasting.
*Nearly all of [[Ezo]] (i.e. that outside of what was more directly inhabited and controlled by Matsumae) was considered 異域, a foreign region, throughout the Edo period. - gallery labels, Kyushu National museum.
−*[[Ezo]] - After confiscating nearly all of Ezochi from [[Matsumae han]] in [[1855]]/2 and reclaiming it as under shogunate jurisdiction, the following month the shogunate assigned Sendai, Kubota, Hirosaki, Morioka, and Matsumae domains the responsibility of guarding the territory. - Ishin Shiryo, vol 2, 19, 36.
*In 1855/10, the shogunate permitted shogunal vassals, retainers of the various domains, and commoners to relocate to [[Ezo]], and granted loans to those who engaged in developing 開拓 the land. - Ishin Shiryo, vol 2, 133.
*The revival of [[Uzagaku]] in the postwar began at least as early as 1992. The opening ceremonies at Shuri castle in 1992 included an uzagaku performance (at the 開門式、performing 太平歌). - ad for 27th Shuri Bunka Sai, Ryukyu Shimpo, 1 Nov 1992.
*[[Tsubaki Chinzan]] was a student of [[Watanabe Kazan]].[https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/32009387450/in/photostream/]
*[[Yarazamori gusuku]] - demolished by the Americans in the early postwar. - plaques at Onoyama Park.[https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/9529342472/sizes/l]
NOTES for later articles:
NOTES for later articles:
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+The rujigaku tradition is said to have its origins in the time of Sho Shin, when Takushi ueekata Seiri 沢岻親方盛里 witnessed such processional music while in China on a tribute mission, and it is said he decided that the king of Ryukyu should have this sort of parade music as well. He is said to have purchased and brought back to Ryukyu a royal sedan chair 鳳凰轎、suona, drums, etc. and from then on, it is said, this became a part of royal processions.
+琉球芸能事典、当間一郎ed., Naha shuppansha, p62
+
+This was in 1522, the 即位 accession ceremonies of 世宗帝. Takushi (d. 1526). However, the 1479 李朝実録 also indicates that there was some kind of processional music, and lists out instruments, so it would seem the tradition goes back in some form to at least the late 15th c. (琉球芸能事典、当間一郎ed., Naha shuppansha, p800)
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+Rujigaku is also performed in a number of other places across the Ryukyu's, from Tanegashima down to Yonaguni. In many places it is called michigaku. The Shuri tradition, performed during Shuri bunka matsuri on Nov 3 each year, stems from the five pieces (五段) that Yamauchi Seihin wrote down in staff notation , learning from Chinen Saburo. Aharen Honyu 阿波連本勇 studied this under Chinen Kenshō 知念賢松, a son of Chinen Saburo.
+琉球芸能事典、当間一郎ed., Naha shuppansha, p62
+
+It is unclear when the uzagaku tradition was first transmitted to Ryukyu, but as early as 1534, Chen Kan wrote in 琉球使録 of something like this. 金鼓笙蕭の楽
+琉球芸能事典、当間一郎ed., Naha shuppansha, p798
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+
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+*Kunjan sabakui = 国頭捌理. The sabakui was a local/regional official in the Kingdom who oversaw matters pertaining to lumber. (各間切にいた幹部役人の総称で、材木の検査ならびに運搬の指揮にもあたった。)<ref>琉球芸能事典、当間一郎ed., Naha shuppansha, p49; 『国頭さばくい』 ～今に伝わる歌と踊り 琉球の原風景を訪ねる旅～, Ryukyumura website [https://www.ryukyumura.co.jp/official/oki100/vol-26/#:~:text=%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8A%E3%80%81%E3%81%95%E3%81%B0%E3%81%8F%E3%81%84%EF%BC%88%E6%8D%8C%E7%90%86,%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E3%81%AB%E3%82%82%E3%81%82%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%80%82]</ref>
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+*Rujigaku is also performed in a number of other places across the Ryukyu's, from Tanegashima down to Yonaguni. In many places it is called michigaku. The Shuri tradition, performed during Shuri bunka matsuri on Nov 3 each year, stems from the five pieces (五段) that Yamauchi Seihin wrote down in staff notation , learning from Chinen Saburo. Aharen Honyu 阿波連本勇 studied this under Chinen Kenshō 知念賢松, a son of Chinen Saburo. - 琉球芸能事典、当間一郎ed., Naha shuppansha, p62
*阿母志礼 or 阿母志良礼 is read あんしたり or あんしたんめえ, and refers to female officials in general.[https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/15282523017/sizes/k/]
*阿母志礼 or 阿母志良礼 is read あんしたり or あんしたんめえ, and refers to female officials in general.[https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/15282523017/sizes/k/]
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"Japanese gardens were featured, among others, in expositions held in Philadelphia (1876, 1926), Paris (1878, 1889, 1900, 1925), Chicago (1893, 1933), St. Louis (1904), London (1910), San Francisco (1915, 1939), New York (1939-40, 1964-65), Brussels (1958), Seattle (1909, 1962), and Montreal (1967). This means for the entire period between the 1860s and 1960s, Japanese gardens were on view at these major crowd-attracting events more or less every few years." Toshio Watanabe, "How the West Interacted with Japanese Gardens," Ishibashi Lectures, Kyoto University of Art and Design, 12 March 2016.
"Japanese gardens were featured, among others, in expositions held in Philadelphia (1876, 1926), Paris (1878, 1889, 1900, 1925), Chicago (1893, 1933), St. Louis (1904), London (1910), San Francisco (1915, 1939), New York (1939-40, 1964-65), Brussels (1958), Seattle (1909, 1962), and Montreal (1967). This means for the entire period between the 1860s and 1960s, Japanese gardens were on view at these major crowd-attracting events more or less every few years." Toshio Watanabe, "How the West Interacted with Japanese Gardens," Ishibashi Lectures, Kyoto University of Art and Design, 12 March 2016.
−*Fukizumi 吹墨 - a technique for using a bamboo pipe to blow blue cobalt oxide onto porcelain, producing a splattered effect. - Nicole Coolidge Rousmaniere, Crafting Beauty in Modern Japan, University of Washington Press (2007), 17.
*Fukizumi 吹墨 - a technique for using a bamboo pipe to blow blue cobalt oxide onto porcelain, producing a splattered effect. - Nicole Coolidge Rousmaniere, Crafting Beauty in Modern Japan, University of Washington Press (2007), 17.
*Sanpincha = 香片茶
*Sanpincha = 香片茶
+
+*Astronomy - Satsuma han was the only domain that the shogunate granted permission to produce and maintain their own calendars, in recognition of the domain's accomplishments in astronomy: including the Tenmonkan, Kontengi celestial globes, and sunglasses for sky observation. Satsuma regularly sent students to Edo to study astronomy. Satsuma had in fact produced its own calendars since the medieval period. [https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/21545513685/sizes/k/]
*NAHA/SHURI BYOBU:
*NAHA/SHURI BYOBU:
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*Sapporo means Dry land in Ainu.
*Sapporo means Dry land in Ainu.
−*Dragon and tiger were a classic pair, metaphorically associated with equally-matched rivals, esp. priests or warriors. - Nezu Museum, 2/11/2020.
*Dragon and tiger were a classic pair, metaphorically associated with equally-matched rivals, esp. priests or warriors. - Nezu Museum, 2/11/2020.
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*On hua-yi discourse: *What did the term 夷 mean in Tokugawa era discourse? What actions or practices marked someone or something as 夷? Should we translate 夷 as “barbarian” or was the term a softer marker of cultural difference? A striking aspect of Tokugawa discourse was the breadth of different, even contradictory, meanings for 夷. Not only did different authors use the term in different ways, but even single, purportedly coherent texts, used 夷 to refer to a striking range of people and practices. In the Tokugawa jikki, 夷 refers to rebels, Ainu and other non-literate “barbarians,” and Westerners. Including Abe no Sadato (1019-1062) who was defeated by the Minamoto; Goryeo; - Mark Ravina, presentation at AAS, March 2018, Washington DC.
*On hua-yi discourse: *What did the term 夷 mean in Tokugawa era discourse? What actions or practices marked someone or something as 夷? Should we translate 夷 as “barbarian” or was the term a softer marker of cultural difference? A striking aspect of Tokugawa discourse was the breadth of different, even contradictory, meanings for 夷. Not only did different authors use the term in different ways, but even single, purportedly coherent texts, used 夷 to refer to a striking range of people and practices. In the Tokugawa jikki, 夷 refers to rebels, Ainu and other non-literate “barbarians,” and Westerners. Including Abe no Sadato (1019-1062) who was defeated by the Minamoto; Goryeo; - Mark Ravina, presentation at AAS, March 2018, Washington DC.
−*Subcontracted trading posts system in Ezo known as ''basho ukeoi'' 場所請負.
*Subcontracted trading posts system in Ezo known as ''basho ukeoi'' 場所請負.
−*Jomon flame pots: though generally regarded as (purely?) aesthetic, the degraded remains of food particles, especially fish, have been found in them. They were clearly used for the cooking or preparation otherwise of food, and it's believed there may have been some ceremonial or ritual aspect to their use in such food preparation. - "Molecular Archaeology: Investigating Diet, Food and Cuisine from Stonehenge to the Jōmon?", Oliver Craig, Ishibashi Foundation lectures, Tokyo National Museum, Oct 2014.[https://www.sainsbury-institute.org/info/second-ishibashi-foundation-lecture-series-2014]
*Jomon flame pots: though generally regarded as (purely?) aesthetic, the degraded remains of food particles, especially fish, have been found in them. They were clearly used for the cooking or preparation otherwise of food, and it's believed there may have been some ceremonial or ritual aspect to their use in such food preparation. - "Molecular Archaeology: Investigating Diet, Food and Cuisine from Stonehenge to the Jōmon?", Oliver Craig, Ishibashi Foundation lectures, Tokyo National Museum, Oct 2014.[https://www.sainsbury-institute.org/info/second-ishibashi-foundation-lecture-series-2014]
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*[[Mutsu province]] was the chief source of [[gold]] to the Heian court in the first half of the Heian period, including especially gold used to buy foreign goods from foreign traders at Hakata. However, by the 11th century, Mutsu was no longer able to provide such amounts. Gold (esp. from Mutsu province) fell away as a major Japanese export in the early 11th century, but reemerged in the late 12th. At that time, some 200-300,000 guan 貫of gold was likely being imported into China from Japan each year, chiefly through Ningpo, where the shibosi claimed a tariff of 10%. - Richard von Glahn, "The Ningbo-Hakata Merchant Network and the Reorientation of East Asian Maritime Trade, 1150-1350," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 74:2 (2014), 267, 270.
*[[Mutsu province]] was the chief source of [[gold]] to the Heian court in the first half of the Heian period, including especially gold used to buy foreign goods from foreign traders at Hakata. However, by the 11th century, Mutsu was no longer able to provide such amounts. Gold (esp. from Mutsu province) fell away as a major Japanese export in the early 11th century, but reemerged in the late 12th. At that time, some 200-300,000 guan 貫of gold was likely being imported into China from Japan each year, chiefly through Ningpo, where the shibosi claimed a tariff of 10%. - Richard von Glahn, "The Ningbo-Hakata Merchant Network and the Reorientation of East Asian Maritime Trade, 1150-1350," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 74:2 (2014), 267, 270.
−*Nibutani is a small village of only about 500 people. Roughly 80% of them are Ainu. - Kanako Uzawa, "Reshaping the Present by Reconnecting to the Past – From a Perspective of Urban Ainu, Japan," talk given at UC Santa Barbara, 21 May 2018.
*Nibutani is a small village of only about 500 people. Roughly 80% of them are Ainu. - Kanako Uzawa, "Reshaping the Present by Reconnecting to the Past – From a Perspective of Urban Ainu, Japan," talk given at UC Santa Barbara, 21 May 2018.
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*Hakuseki writes in his Tokushi yoron that "the Northern Court was nothing but a creation of the Ashikaga, nobody regarded it as the rightful imperial line ... at the time the northern emperor seems to have been called the Pretender and the Northern Court the Pretender's Court." And further, that the Southern Court was extinguished due to its misrule and loss of virtue, while the Northern Court was raised up by the military houses for their own purposes. - Watanabe Hiroshi, A History of Japanese Political Thought, 1600-1901, International House of Japan (2012), 153, 155.
*Hakuseki writes in his Tokushi yoron that "the Northern Court was nothing but a creation of the Ashikaga, nobody regarded it as the rightful imperial line ... at the time the northern emperor seems to have been called the Pretender and the Northern Court the Pretender's Court." And further, that the Southern Court was extinguished due to its misrule and loss of virtue, while the Northern Court was raised up by the military houses for their own purposes. - Watanabe Hiroshi, A History of Japanese Political Thought, 1600-1901, International House of Japan (2012), 153, 155.
−*Highway stations (from Asao Naohiro (ed.), Fudai daimyo Ii ke no girei, 326-341.)
*Highway stations (from Asao Naohiro (ed.), Fudai daimyo Ii ke no girei, 326-341.)
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*Seoul was called 漢城 in the early modern period. - "Qing China as seen from Ryûkyû" 琉球から見た清朝, in Okada Hidehiro (ed.), Shinchô to ha nani ka 清朝とは何か, Fujiwara Shoten (2009), 255.
*Seoul was called 漢城 in the early modern period. - "Qing China as seen from Ryûkyû" 琉球から見た清朝, in Okada Hidehiro (ed.), Shinchô to ha nani ka 清朝とは何か, Fujiwara Shoten (2009), 255.
−*Igarashi and Kôami families were shogunate goyô shônin for lacquerwares. - Christine Guth, Art of Edo Japan, ''Yale University Press'' (1996), 95.
*Igarashi and Kôami families were shogunate goyô shônin for lacquerwares. - Christine Guth, Art of Edo Japan, ''Yale University Press'' (1996), 95.