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Created page with "*''Japanese'': 函館、箱館 ''(Hakodate)'' Hakodate is a port city in Hokkaidô notable as a treaty port opened to American use by the [[Convention of Kan..."
*''Japanese'': 函館、箱館 ''(Hakodate)''
Hakodate is a port city in [[Hokkaido|Hokkaidô]] notable as a [[treaty port]] opened to American use by the [[Convention of Kanagawa]] in [[1854]]. Negotiations following the signing of the Convention established an area of free movement for Americans within the city five ''[[Japanese Measurements|ri]]'' square.<ref>Ishin Shiryô Kôyô 維新史料綱要, vol 1 (1937), 603.</ref>; this was extended to ten ''ri'' by the so-called [[Harris Treaty]] of [[1858]].<ref>Robert Hellyer, ''Defining Engagement'', Harvard University Press (2009), 176.; Mitani Hiroshi, David Noble (trans.), ''Escape from Impasse'', International House of Japan (2006), 273-283. </ref>
Though most famous for its [[Bakumatsu]]/[[Meiji period]] history, Hakodate was active as a regional port long before then as well. It was one of a number of cities where [[Tanuma Okitsugu]] established clearinghouses in [[1785]] to effect the collection of [[marine products]] for official [[Tokugawa shogunate|Bakufu]] sale at [[Nagasaki]]. The position of ''[[Hakodate bugyo|Hakodate bugyô]]'' was created several decades later, in [[1802]], to help oversee these economic matters as well as the security/defense of the port.
[[Commodore Perry]] spent several weeks in Hakodate in the 4th-5th months (on the [[Japanese calendar|Japanese lunar calendar]]) of [[1854]], surveying the port and preparing to negotiate for the details of arrangements to be made for American access to and use of the port.<ref>Ishin Shiryô Kôyô 維新史料綱要, vol 1 (1937), 584, 589, 599.</ref> Privileges extended to the United States in the [[1854]] Convention of Kanagawa (signed 1854/3) were then extended to the British in the [[Anglo-Japanese Convention of 1854]] signed in the 8th month, and to the Russians in the [[Treaty of Shimoda]], signed in the 12th month that same year.<ref>Mitani, 222-232, 247-250, 292.</ref> A Russian consulate was established in Hakodate shortly afterwards; it was active by [[1860]], if not earlier. These privileges were then extended to the Dutch as well, in the [[Treaty of Peace and Amity (Dutch-Japan)]], signed [[1856]]/1.<ref>Mitani, 260-262.</ref>
During the [[Boshin War]] which accompanied the [[Meiji Restoration]], Hakodate became the center of the short-lived [[Republic of Ezo]]. Pro-shogunate holdouts seized the [[Goryokaku|Goryôkaku]] fortress in [[1868]]/10 and made their last stand against Imperial forces there in the [[1869]] [[battle of Hakodate]]. The Republic surrendered on 1869/5/18, marking the end of the Boshin War.
From [[1873]] to [[1878]], Hakodate became home to [[Merriman Harris]] and his family, the first Protestant missionaries in northern Japan. Harris served as Vice-Consul beginning in [[1874]], and then as Acting Consul of the United States from [[1875]] until the consulate was closed in 1878.<ref> ''[http://www.archive.org/details/promamerinter00hepbrich Prominent Americans interested in Japan and prominent Japanese in America]'', New York, 1903 ''(Public Domain source)''</ref>
{{stub}}
==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Cities and Towns]]
[[Category:Bakumatsu]]
[[Category:Meiji Period]]
Hakodate is a port city in [[Hokkaido|Hokkaidô]] notable as a [[treaty port]] opened to American use by the [[Convention of Kanagawa]] in [[1854]]. Negotiations following the signing of the Convention established an area of free movement for Americans within the city five ''[[Japanese Measurements|ri]]'' square.<ref>Ishin Shiryô Kôyô 維新史料綱要, vol 1 (1937), 603.</ref>; this was extended to ten ''ri'' by the so-called [[Harris Treaty]] of [[1858]].<ref>Robert Hellyer, ''Defining Engagement'', Harvard University Press (2009), 176.; Mitani Hiroshi, David Noble (trans.), ''Escape from Impasse'', International House of Japan (2006), 273-283. </ref>
Though most famous for its [[Bakumatsu]]/[[Meiji period]] history, Hakodate was active as a regional port long before then as well. It was one of a number of cities where [[Tanuma Okitsugu]] established clearinghouses in [[1785]] to effect the collection of [[marine products]] for official [[Tokugawa shogunate|Bakufu]] sale at [[Nagasaki]]. The position of ''[[Hakodate bugyo|Hakodate bugyô]]'' was created several decades later, in [[1802]], to help oversee these economic matters as well as the security/defense of the port.
[[Commodore Perry]] spent several weeks in Hakodate in the 4th-5th months (on the [[Japanese calendar|Japanese lunar calendar]]) of [[1854]], surveying the port and preparing to negotiate for the details of arrangements to be made for American access to and use of the port.<ref>Ishin Shiryô Kôyô 維新史料綱要, vol 1 (1937), 584, 589, 599.</ref> Privileges extended to the United States in the [[1854]] Convention of Kanagawa (signed 1854/3) were then extended to the British in the [[Anglo-Japanese Convention of 1854]] signed in the 8th month, and to the Russians in the [[Treaty of Shimoda]], signed in the 12th month that same year.<ref>Mitani, 222-232, 247-250, 292.</ref> A Russian consulate was established in Hakodate shortly afterwards; it was active by [[1860]], if not earlier. These privileges were then extended to the Dutch as well, in the [[Treaty of Peace and Amity (Dutch-Japan)]], signed [[1856]]/1.<ref>Mitani, 260-262.</ref>
During the [[Boshin War]] which accompanied the [[Meiji Restoration]], Hakodate became the center of the short-lived [[Republic of Ezo]]. Pro-shogunate holdouts seized the [[Goryokaku|Goryôkaku]] fortress in [[1868]]/10 and made their last stand against Imperial forces there in the [[1869]] [[battle of Hakodate]]. The Republic surrendered on 1869/5/18, marking the end of the Boshin War.
From [[1873]] to [[1878]], Hakodate became home to [[Merriman Harris]] and his family, the first Protestant missionaries in northern Japan. Harris served as Vice-Consul beginning in [[1874]], and then as Acting Consul of the United States from [[1875]] until the consulate was closed in 1878.<ref> ''[http://www.archive.org/details/promamerinter00hepbrich Prominent Americans interested in Japan and prominent Japanese in America]'', New York, 1903 ''(Public Domain source)''</ref>
{{stub}}
==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Cities and Towns]]
[[Category:Bakumatsu]]
[[Category:Meiji Period]]