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==Kamakura Shugo==

==Kamakura Shugo==

After [[Minamoto Yoritomo|Yoritomo's]] victory in [[1185]] it became necessary to place trusted [[Kamakura bakufu|Kamakura]] representatives in the provinces, and the post of Shugo was created for this purpose. The Shugo were to be coordinators of their assigned province's [[gokenin]] ([[Kamakura bakufu]] housemen) in [[obanyaku]] (guard duty of Kyoto) and battle, an adjunct of Kamakura's judicial system, and to prevent rebellions and capital crimes. These three duties were formally incorporated into Kamakura law in [[1231]] as '''taibon sankajo''', or the Three Regulations for Great Crimes.

After [[Minamoto Yoritomo|Yoritomo's]] victory in [[1185]] it became necessary to place trusted [[Kamakura bakufu|Kamakura]] representatives in the provinces, and the post of Shugo was created for this purpose. The Shugo were to be coordinators of their assigned province's [[gokenin]] ([[Kamakura bakufu]] housemen) in [[obanyaku|ôbanyaku]] (guard duty of Kyoto) and battle, an adjunct of Kamakura's judicial system, and to prevent rebellions and capital crimes. These three duties were formally incorporated into Kamakura law in [[1231]] as '''taibon sankajo''', or the Three Regulations for Great Crimes.

The judicial duties carried out by the Shugo were varied and included interrogating local witnesses, summoning defendants, subpoenaing relevant documents, forwarding investigate reports, issuing enforcement orders, and announcing judgements. These duties brought them in to regular conflict with [[gokenin]], [[jito]] (land stewards), and other powerful estate owners. Much like the [[kokushi]] who came before, they were also prone to misconduct and abuse of their powers.

The judicial duties carried out by the Shugo were varied and included interrogating local witnesses, summoning defendants, subpoenaing relevant documents, forwarding investigate reports, issuing enforcement orders, and announcing judgements. These duties brought them in to regular conflict with [[gokenin]], [[jito|jitô]] (land stewards), and other powerful estate owners. Much like the [[kokushi]] who came before, they were also prone to misconduct and abuse of their powers.

There were no regular taxes or rents payable to the [[bakufu]] by the Shugo, though there were tribute obligations, such as providing labour and horses, as well as [[obanyaku]] duties in the capital.

There were no regular taxes or rents payable to the [[bakufu]] by the Shugo, though there were tribute obligations, such as providing labour and horses, as well as ôbanyaku duties in the capital.

In an effort to limit the power held by the Shugo it was made clear that the post was revocable at will, and Shugo not hailing from the ruling Hojo clan were assigned to provinces not local to themselves, thus taking them away from their traditional powerbases, and often they found themselves with Hojo clan Shugo as neighbours. They also do not appear to have held land as part of their post.

In an effort to limit the power held by the Shugo it was made clear that the post was revocable at will, and Shugo not hailing from the ruling Hojo clan were assigned to provinces not local to themselves, thus taking them away from their traditional powerbases, and often they found themselves with Hojo clan Shugo as neighbours. They also do not appear to have held land as part of their post and could not pass their position to an heir.<ref>Marius B. Jansen (ed). Warrior Rule in Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Page 37</ref>

Because of these reasons, some Shugo chose to remain in their original province while appointing a delegate of their own, known as a [[Shugodai]], to administer in their name. Other Shugo managed to successfully entrench themselves in their assigned provinces, but all were still reliant on the [[bakufu]] for their authority, and were not able to operate autonomously enough to pose a threat to the [[bakufu]].

Because of these reasons, some Shugo chose to remain in their original province while appointing a delegate of their own, known as a [[Shugodai]], to administer in their name. Other Shugo managed to successfully entrench themselves in their assigned provinces, but all were still reliant on the [[bakufu]] for their authority, and were not able to operate autonomously enough to pose a threat to the [[bakufu]].

==Muromachi Shugo==

==Muromachi Shugo==

==References==

==References==