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* ''Conquered: [[1416]]''
* ''Conquered: [[1416]]''
−Hokuzan<ref>The kingdom was more typically referred to as Sanhoku until the time of [[Sai On]] ([[1682]]-[[1761]]), who termed it Hokuzan in his writings. Akamine Mamoru, Lina Terrell (trans.), Robert Huey (ed.), ''The Ryukyu Kingdom: Cornerstone of East Asia'', University of Hawaii Press (2017), 6.</ref> was one of three kingdoms which controlled [[Okinawa Island]] in the 14th century. Based at [[Nakijin gusuku|Nakijin]], on the Motobu Peninsula, it controlled the northern part of the island, its neighbors [[Chuzan|Chûzan]] and [[Nanzan]] controlling the central and southern regions respectively. Okinawa, previously controlled by a number of local chieftains or lords, loosely bound by a paramount chieftain or king of the entire island, split into these three more solidly defined kingdoms within a few years after [[1314]]; the [[Sanzan period]] thus began, and would end roughly one hundred years later, when Chûzan's King [[Sho Hashi|Shô Hashi]]<ref>Technically, Hashi's father [[Sho Shisho|Shô Shishô]] was king of Chûzan in 1416, and neither was called "Shô" until that name was granted them by the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming court]] in 1421.</ref> conquered Hokuzan in [[1416]] and Nanzan in [[1429]]<ref>Chronology of Okinawan History. ''Okinawa rekishi jinmei jiten'' (沖縄歴史人名事典, "Encyclopedia of People of Okinawan History"). Naha: Okinawa Bunka-sha, 1996. p85.</ref>.
+According to traditional narratives, Hokuzan<ref>The kingdom was more typically referred to as Sanhoku until the time of [[Sai On]] ([[1682]]-[[1761]]), who termed it Hokuzan in his writings. Akamine Mamoru, Lina Terrell (trans.), Robert Huey (ed.), ''The Ryukyu Kingdom: Cornerstone of East Asia'', University of Hawaii Press (2017), 6.</ref> was one of three kingdoms which controlled [[Okinawa Island]] in the 14th century. Based at [[Nakijin gusuku|Nakijin]], on the Motobu Peninsula, it controlled the northern part of the island, its neighbors [[Chuzan|Chûzan]] and [[Nanzan]] controlling the central and southern regions respectively. Okinawa, previously controlled by a number of local chieftains or lords, loosely bound by a paramount chieftain or king of the entire island, split into these three more solidly defined kingdoms within a few years after [[1314]]; the [[Sanzan period]] thus began, and would end roughly one hundred years later, when Chûzan's King [[Sho Hashi|Shô Hashi]]<ref>Technically, Hashi's father [[Sho Shisho|Shô Shishô]] was king of Chûzan in 1416, and neither was called "Shô" until that name was granted them by the [[Ming Dynasty|Ming court]] in 1421.</ref> conquered Hokuzan in [[1416]] and Nanzan in [[1429]]<ref>Chronology of Okinawan History. ''Okinawa rekishi jinmei jiten'' (沖縄歴史人名事典, "Encyclopedia of People of Okinawan History"). Naha: Okinawa Bunka-sha, 1996. p85.</ref>.
+Contrary to historians' traditional narrative based on official histories produced by the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] in order to legitimate and glorify its own history, [[Gregory Smits]] has written that "there is no strong evidence to suggest that [Hokuzan, Nanzan, and Chûzan] were territorial states and much to suggest that they were not.”<ref>Gregory Smits, ''Early Ryukyuan History: A New Model'', University of Hawaii Press (2024), 5.</ref> To the contrary, is likely that the three "kingdoms" were in fact nominal entities created to facilitate trade with Ming China; exercising control over merchant fleets, ports, and/or trading routes, each of these entities was named a "king" or "kingdom" by China so that it could act as a viable trading partner within Ming systems of authority.<ref>Smits, ''Early Ryukyuan History'', 4-5.; Smits, ''Maritime Ryukyu, 1050-1650'', University of Hawaii Press (2018), 60-89.</ref>
==History==
==History==
