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===Early Interactions===
===Early Interactions===
Japanese expanded into Tôhoku as early as the 8th-9th centuries, and into Ezo by the 15th century, if not earlier, establishing small centers of control and either pushing the Emishi further north, or assimilating them. Some of these Japanese leaders were agents of the [[Yamato state]]; some sought independence from the Yamato state; and some were in fact Emishi chiefs or their descendants who had taken on Japanese identity. Meanwhile, those Japanese who sought to break from the Yamato state and to establish their own independent polities in the north were sometimes designated "Emishi" by the center.
Japanese expanded into Tôhoku as early as the 8th-9th centuries, and into Ezo by the 15th century, if not earlier, establishing small centers of control and either pushing the Emishi further north, or assimilating them. Some of these Japanese leaders were agents of the [[Yamato state]]; some sought independence from the Yamato state; and some were in fact Emishi chiefs or their descendants who had taken on Japanese identity. Meanwhile, those Japanese who sought to break from the Yamato state and to establish their own independent polities in the north were sometimes designated "Emishi" by the center.
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+Archaeologists write of [[Satsumon culture]] and other cultures preceding that of the Ainu, and mark the emergence of what they call "Ainu culture" by the decline of [[pottery]] use and concordant rise in Ainu trade for Japan-made iron goods in the 14th century. This brought a notable shift in Ainu society, towards greater engagement in (and reliance upon) trade, and some decline in subsistence activities.<ref>David Howell, "On the Peripheries of the Japanese Archipelago: Ryukyu and Hokkaido," in Howell (ed.), ''The New Cambridge History of Japan'' vol 2 (2024), 615.</ref>
The mid-15th century saw a new surge of instability in Tôhoku and Ezo, as Japanese traders, fishermen, trappers and the like made further inroads into Ainu territories. Japanese and Ainu got into conflict, and some studies indicate that the Ainu won most of these scattered skirmishes. The zone of Japanese control shrank, and receded, for a time; at the opening of the 17th century (the time of the establishment of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]]), it was the Kakizaki clan who controlled the only remaining ''Wajin'' (Japanese) territory on the island of Ezo. Controlling that territory from [[Matsumae castle]], they came to be known as the [[Matsumae clan]], and remained the only daimyô on Ezo, in control of the northernmost ''[[han]]'' in the realm, throughout the [[Edo period]].
The mid-15th century saw a new surge of instability in Tôhoku and Ezo, as Japanese traders, fishermen, trappers and the like made further inroads into Ainu territories. Japanese and Ainu got into conflict, and some studies indicate that the Ainu won most of these scattered skirmishes. The zone of Japanese control shrank, and receded, for a time; at the opening of the 17th century (the time of the establishment of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]]), it was the Kakizaki clan who controlled the only remaining ''Wajin'' (Japanese) territory on the island of Ezo. Controlling that territory from [[Matsumae castle]], they came to be known as the [[Matsumae clan]], and remained the only daimyô on Ezo, in control of the northernmost ''[[han]]'' in the realm, throughout the [[Edo period]].
