Changes

While many ''daimyô'' and others supported the shogunate in allowing Harris to visit Edo, feeling it was unavoidable given the circumstances (some of them perhaps fearing greater foreign threats of violence should the shogunate resist), many others strongly opposed allowing the US to station a resident consul in the city; some went so far as to say that doing so would destroy the spirit of the people. At some point in late 1857, a failed attempt was made on Harris' life; the men responsible, residents of [[Mito han]], turned themselves in to Mito domain authorities on 11/27.<ref>Ishin Shiryô Kôyô 維新史料綱要, vol 2 (1937), 446-450.</ref>

While many ''daimyô'' and others supported the shogunate in allowing Harris to visit Edo, feeling it was unavoidable given the circumstances (some of them perhaps fearing greater foreign threats of violence should the shogunate resist), many others strongly opposed allowing the US to station a resident consul in the city; some went so far as to say that doing so would destroy the spirit of the people. At some point in late 1857, a failed attempt was made on Harris' life; the men responsible, residents of [[Mito han]], turned themselves in to Mito domain authorities on 11/27.<ref>Ishin Shiryô Kôyô 維新史料綱要, vol 2 (1937), 446-450.</ref>

It was not until some time later, however, that Harris was able to enter into negotiations with the shogunate's Lead Elder (''[[roju|rôjû]] shuza'') and ''gaikoku jimu toriatsukai'', [[Hotta Masayoshi]], to work towards a treaty which would open full formal diplomatic and commercial relations between the US and Japan. Harris is described as being "overbearing and arrogant," insisting on presenting a letter from President Pierce only to the shogun, and refusing to speak to any other officials as to the nature of the "important matter" which he intended to speak to the shogun about. This resulted in Hotta being even more resistant and oppositional than he might have been otherwise, and repeatedly rejecting Harris' requests to travel to [[Edo]]. In the end, however, with the arrival of another American warship, the Japanese relented. Harris traveled to Edo that December, was granted an audience with the shogun, and from that point forward, remained in Edo and entered more earnestly into negotiations with Hotta.<ref name=mitani>Mitani Hiroshi, David Noble (trans.), ''Escape from Impasse'', International House of Japan (2006), 268-272.</ref>

It was not until some time later that Harris was able to enter into negotiations with the shogunate's Lead Elder (''[[roju|rôjû]] shuza'') and ''gaikoku jimu toriatsukai'', [[Hotta Masayoshi]], to work towards a treaty which would open full formal diplomatic and commercial relations between the US and Japan. Harris is described as being "overbearing and arrogant," insisting on presenting a letter from President Pierce only to the shogun, and refusing to speak to any other officials as to the nature of the "important matter" which he intended to speak to the shogun about. This resulted in Hotta being even more resistant and oppositional than he might have been otherwise, and repeatedly rejecting Harris' requests to travel to [[Edo]]. In the end, however, with the arrival of another American warship, the Japanese relented. Harris traveled to Edo that December, was granted an audience with the shogun, and from that point forward, remained in Edo and entered more earnestly into negotiations with Hotta.<ref name=mitani>Mitani Hiroshi, David Noble (trans.), ''Escape from Impasse'', International House of Japan (2006), 268-272.</ref>

Harris presented the Japanese with a draft treaty which provided for the exchange of formal diplomatic representatives & establishment of consular residences in their respective capitals; the opening of [[Osaka]], [[Kyoto]], [[Edo]], and three other ports to trade; and rights of Americans to freedom of movement and free trade within Japan. He insisted upon the acceptance of this draft of the treaty, and refused to entertain consideration of any drafts based on treaties Japan previously signed with the Dutch or the Russians. As a result, negotiations were dominated by Harris' demands and Japanese officials' resistance to those demands. In the end, the Japanese were successful only in rejecting the opening of Kyoto, and freedom of movement within the country for Americans other than diplomatic agents or consuls. Four ports, including Osaka and [[Hyogo no tsu|Hyôgo]], were opened to American ships, as was Edo, to residence and commercial activities of Americans, along with the establishment of an American consular residence in Edo.<ref name=mitani/>

Harris presented the Japanese with a draft treaty which provided for the exchange of formal diplomatic representatives & establishment of consular residences in their respective capitals; the opening of [[Osaka]], [[Kyoto]], [[Edo]], and three other ports to trade; and rights of Americans to freedom of movement and free trade within Japan. He insisted upon the acceptance of this draft of the treaty, and refused to entertain consideration of any drafts based on treaties Japan previously signed with the Dutch or the Russians. As a result, negotiations were dominated by Harris' demands and Japanese officials' resistance to those demands. In the end, the Japanese were successful only in rejecting the opening of Kyoto, and freedom of movement within the country for Americans other than diplomatic agents or consuls. Four ports, including Osaka and [[Hyogo no tsu|Hyôgo]], were opened to American ships, as was Edo, to residence and commercial activities of Americans, along with the establishment of an American consular residence in Edo.<ref name=mitani/>