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One of the chief sources of sulfur historically in the region around Japan was the island of [[Iotorishima|Iô Torishima]], located in the [[Amami Islands]] to the south of [[Kyushu]] and controlled by the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] throughout the [[Edo period]]. China imported sulfur from the kingdom as well as from other sources, but forbade the export of the material.<ref>Uezato Takashi 上里隆史. "Ryûkyû no kaki ni tsuite" (琉球の火器, "The fireweapons in the Ryukyus"). ''Okinawa Bunka'' 沖縄文化. vol. 36:1, no. 91 (July 2000), 77.</ref> This made trade relations with (or control of) Ryûkyû vital for military preparedness, and powers throughout the region regularly worked to secure or maintain sources of Ryûkyûan sulfur. Ryûkyû often traded sulfur to entities in Japan, Korea, and China, or presented it as tax or [[tribute]];<ref>In fact, along with [[tin]] and [[copper]], sulfur was one of the chief tribute goods presented by [[Ryukyuan tribute missions to China|Ryûkyûan tributary missions to China]].</ref> in trade with Southeast Asia, however, Ryûkyû only ever shipped sulfur to [[Ayutthaya|Siam]], and not to other polities.<ref>Geoffrey Gunn, ''History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800'', Hong Kong University Press (2011), 220-221.</ref> Japanese entities such as the [[Heian period|Heian]] court and [[Muromachi shogunate]] exported a portion of the Ryûkyûan sulfur they obtained, in sizable enough amounts that sulfur is noted as one of the chief exports of premodern Japan.<ref>Richard von Glahn, "The Ningbo-Hakata Merchant Network and the Reorientation of East Asian Maritime Trade, 1150-1350," ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' 74:2 (2014), 268-269.; Asato Susumu 安里進, Dana Masayuki 田名真之, et al. (eds.), ''Okinawa ken no rekishi'' 沖縄県の歴史, Tokyo: Yamakawa shuppan (2010), 117.</ref>

One of the chief sources of sulfur historically in the region around Japan was the island of [[Iotorishima|Iô Torishima]], located in the [[Amami Islands]] to the south of [[Kyushu]] and controlled by the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] throughout the [[Edo period]]. China imported sulfur from the kingdom as well as from other sources, but forbade the export of the material.<ref>Uezato Takashi 上里隆史. "Ryûkyû no kaki ni tsuite" (琉球の火器, "The fireweapons in the Ryukyus"). ''Okinawa Bunka'' 沖縄文化. vol. 36:1, no. 91 (July 2000), 77.</ref> This made trade relations with (or control of) Ryûkyû vital for military preparedness, and powers throughout the region regularly worked to secure or maintain sources of Ryûkyûan sulfur. Ryûkyû often traded sulfur to entities in Japan, Korea, and China, or presented it as tax or [[tribute]];<ref>In fact, along with [[tin]] and [[copper]], sulfur was one of the chief tribute goods presented by [[Ryukyuan tribute missions to China|Ryûkyûan tributary missions to China]].</ref> in trade with Southeast Asia, however, Ryûkyû only ever shipped sulfur to [[Ayutthaya|Siam]], and not to other polities.<ref>Geoffrey Gunn, ''History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800'', Hong Kong University Press (2011), 220-221.</ref> Japanese entities such as the [[Heian period|Heian]] court and [[Muromachi shogunate]] exported a portion of the Ryûkyûan sulfur they obtained, in sizable enough amounts that sulfur is noted as one of the chief exports of premodern Japan.<ref>Richard von Glahn, "The Ningbo-Hakata Merchant Network and the Reorientation of East Asian Maritime Trade, 1150-1350," ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' 74:2 (2014), 268-269.; Asato Susumu 安里進, Dana Masayuki 田名真之, et al. (eds.), ''Okinawa ken no rekishi'' 沖縄県の歴史, Tokyo: Yamakawa shuppan (2010), 117.</ref>

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