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''Daimyô'' frequently swore a three-part oath, swearing to obey all shogunal laws strictly, to keep their own house from wickedness, and to serve their lord (i.e. the shogun) diligently. The oath was sealed with blood, and ended with a formulaic statement, common in Edo period oaths, listing deities which would exact retribution against the speaker should he violate the oath. ''Daimyô'' required similar oaths of their retainers, in turn.<ref>[[Mark Ravina]], ''Land and Lordship in Early Modern Japan'', Stanford University Press (1999), 35.</ref>

''Daimyô'' frequently swore a three-part oath, swearing to obey all shogunal laws strictly, to keep their own house from wickedness, and to serve their lord (i.e. the shogun) diligently. The oath was sealed with blood, and ended with a formulaic statement, common in Edo period oaths, listing deities which would exact retribution against the speaker should he violate the oath. ''Daimyô'' required similar oaths of their retainers, in turn.<ref>[[Mark Ravina]], ''Land and Lordship in Early Modern Japan'', Stanford University Press (1999), 35.</ref>

Kings of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] were regularly required to swear such oaths as well, swearing loyalty to the [[Shimazu clan]].

Kings of the [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]] were regularly required to swear such oaths as well, swearing loyalty to the [[Shimazu clan]]. Such oaths were sworn by each king in conjunction with his succession, and were sworn anew for each new lord of [[Satsuma han|Satsuma]] who came to the headship of the Shimazu house; however, rather than actually being sworn on those occasions, these oaths were often delayed for various reasons, sometimes by as much as five or ten years.<ref>Asô Shin’ichi 麻生伸一, “Kinsei Ryūkyū no kokuō kishōmon” 「近世琉球の国王起請文」, in ''Ryûkyû shiryôgaku no funade'' 琉球史料学の船出, Tokyo: Bensei shuppan (2017), 167-169.</ref>

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