Changes

*Butterfly binding (''detchôsô'' 粘葉装 or ''kochôsô'' 胡蝶装) is somewhat similar to accordion binding, but involves pasting the pages together all at one end, forming a spine, such that the outer edges (at the left and right extreme of each opening) are individual and free. In such books, openings alternate between opening quite freely and easily (where merely folded), and opening less completely (where pages are pasted). Though extensively used in Japan to a certain extent, this method of binding was more common in China.

*Butterfly binding (''detchôsô'' 粘葉装 or ''kochôsô'' 胡蝶装) is somewhat similar to accordion binding, but involves pasting the pages together all at one end, forming a spine, such that the outer edges (at the left and right extreme of each opening) are individual and free. In such books, openings alternate between opening quite freely and easily (where merely folded), and opening less completely (where pages are pasted). Though extensively used in Japan to a certain extent, this method of binding was more common in China.

*Album binding, or ''gajôsô'' (画帖装), also known by several other names, is a form related to butterfly binding, but with pages being pasted together at the outer edge, away from the spine. This is a common format for Chinese albums, and is quite rare among Japanese examples earlier than the Edo period. Whereas butterfly-bound books often alternate content pages with blank ones (the result of each page being illustrated or inscribed on only one side), the album binding hides these unsightly blank sides, providing an uninterrupted experience. However, such albums are open, or loose, at the spine, being held together only by the pasted outer edges, and are thus quite fragile.

*Album binding, or ''gajôsô'' (画帖装), also known by several other names, is a form related to butterfly binding, but with pages being pasted together at the outer edge, away from the spine. This is a common format for Chinese albums, and is quite rare among Japanese examples earlier than the Edo period. Whereas butterfly-bound books often alternate content pages with blank ones (the result of each page being illustrated or inscribed on only one side), the album binding hides these unsightly blank sides, providing an uninterrupted experience. Further, each two-page spread is printed onto a single (folded) piece of paper, thus providing a more continuous spread than most other formats, in which the gutter creates a break in the image. However, over time the paper tends to wear out at the fold and begin to tear. Furthermore, such albums are open, or loose, at the spine, being held together only by the pasted outer edges, and are thus quite fragile.

*''Retsujôsô'' (列帖装) or ''tetchôsô'' (綴葉装) binding, also known ironically as ''yamato toji'' (大和綴, lit. "Japanese binding") binding, is the closest of the traditional East Asian forms to standard Western modes of bookbinding. Like many other forms of Japanese bookbinding, it was invented in China. This form of binding involves nestling the folded leaves of paper into one another to form a series of packets or bundles, which are then sewn together to form a hard spine.

*''Retsujôsô'' (列帖装) or ''tetchôsô'' (綴葉装) binding, also known ironically as ''yamato toji'' (大和綴, lit. "Japanese binding") binding, is the closest of the traditional East Asian forms to standard Western modes of bookbinding. Like many other forms of Japanese bookbinding, it was invented in China. This form of binding involves nestling the folded leaves of paper into one another to form a series of packets or bundles, which are then sewn together to form a hard spine.

*Roger Keyes, ''Ehon: The Artist and the Book in Japan'', New York Public Library, 2006.

*Roger Keyes, ''Ehon: The Artist and the Book in Japan'', New York Public Library, 2006.

*Nakashima Takashi, Ogawa Yasuhiko, Unno Keisuke, lectures, Wahon Literacies symposium/workshop, UCLA & UC Santa Barbara, 31 Aug to 4 Sept, 2015.[http://www.alc.ucla.edu/event/wahon-literacies/]

*Nakashima Takashi, Ogawa Yasuhiko, Unno Keisuke, lectures, Wahon Literacies symposium/workshop, UCLA & UC Santa Barbara, 31 Aug to 4 Sept, 2015.[http://www.alc.ucla.edu/event/wahon-literacies/]

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