Changes

==Early Nineteenth Century==

==Early Nineteenth Century==

In the early 19th century, Tsushima faced severe competition from domestic production of ginseng and a number of other Korean import goods, and so began to seek new markets. Still exporting alum, pepper, sappanwood, copper, and water buffalo horn obtained at Nagasaki, as well as sea cucumber, Tsushima now began to more extensively import bovine products, including cowhides (leather), cattle horns, and hooves, the latter two of which were used to make alternative or cheaper versions of hairpins and other items normally made from tortoiseshell imported via Nagasaki.<ref>Hellyer, 141.</ref>

In the early 19th century, Tsushima faced severe competition from domestic production of ginseng and a number of other Korean import goods, and so began to seek new markets. Still exporting alum, pepper, sappanwood, copper, and [[water buffalo]] horn obtained at Nagasaki, as well as sea cucumber, Tsushima now began to more extensively import bovine products, including cowhides (leather), cattle horns, and hooves, the latter two of which were used to make alternative or cheaper versions of hairpins and other items normally made from tortoiseshell imported via Nagasaki.<ref>Hellyer, 141.</ref>

Yet, while Satsuma earned the shogunate's suspicion and had various economic restrictions enacted against it, Tsushima received considerable aid from the shogunate in the 19th century. To begin, a significant decline in the volume of trade at Nagasaki in the 1820s-30s left the shogunate's [[Nagasaki kaisho|Nagasaki customs house]] with surpluses of copper; whereas the shogunate had earmarked one million ''kin'' in copper for export via Nagasaki, as much as 300,000 ''kin'' was remaining in the customs house's possession each year. This led to Tsushima being sold, for a time, an additional 50,000 ''kin'' of copper each year, which it would then exchange with Korea to import silver. Tsushima acquired even more copper from the shogunate when the Joseon Court began requesting additional copper in place of water buffalo horn; from [[1838]] until [[1866]] (with a few breaks in the 1840s and 1850s), the shogunate provided Tsushima with an additional 11,000 ''kin'' each year. Beyond this, the domain was granted 90,000 ''ryô'' plus an addition 30,000 in loans in [[1811]] to help finance the [[Korean embassies to Edo|Korean embassy to the domain]] in that year, plus another 2500 ''ryô'' annual stipend for a period of twenty years, plus another 10,000 ''koku'' in rice at one point, to help alleviate difficulties created by a poor harvest in Korea. As a reward for successfully receiving the 1811 mission, the domain was further granted 20,000 ''koku'' worth of additional fief lands on mainland Kyûshû. Finally, Tsushima's financial burden was further alleviated by lax enforcement on the part of the shogunate of the feudal obligation of ''[[sankin kotai|sankin kôtai]]''; the lord of Tsushima made formal "alternate attendance" trips to Edo only five times between 1810 and 1842, at a cost of over 1,300 ''kan'' each time, while most ''daimyô'' were obliged to appear in attendance to the shogun fifteen times during that same period. Even so, despite all of this aid, Tsushima still suffered from economic difficulties. While its debts to the Osaka merchants came nowhere close to the 320,000 ''kan'' owed at one point by Satsuma, they were still sizable, especially for such a small domain, amounting to over 8,300 ''kan'' in 1835.<ref>Hellyer, 143-145.</ref>

Yet, while Satsuma earned the shogunate's suspicion and had various economic restrictions enacted against it, Tsushima received considerable aid from the shogunate in the 19th century. To begin, a significant decline in the volume of trade at Nagasaki in the 1820s-30s left the shogunate's [[Nagasaki kaisho|Nagasaki customs house]] with surpluses of copper; whereas the shogunate had earmarked one million ''kin'' in copper for export via Nagasaki, as much as 300,000 ''kin'' was remaining in the customs house's possession each year. This led to Tsushima being sold, for a time, an additional 50,000 ''kin'' of copper each year, which it would then exchange with Korea to import silver. Tsushima acquired even more copper from the shogunate when the Joseon Court began requesting additional copper in place of water buffalo horn; from [[1838]] until [[1866]] (with a few breaks in the 1840s and 1850s), the shogunate provided Tsushima with an additional 11,000 ''kin'' each year. Beyond this, the domain was granted 90,000 ''ryô'' plus an addition 30,000 in loans in [[1811]] to help finance the [[Korean embassies to Edo|Korean embassy to the domain]] in that year, plus another 2500 ''ryô'' annual stipend for a period of twenty years, plus another 10,000 ''koku'' in rice at one point, to help alleviate difficulties created by a poor harvest in Korea. As a reward for successfully receiving the 1811 mission, the domain was further granted 20,000 ''koku'' worth of additional fief lands on mainland Kyûshû. Finally, Tsushima's financial burden was further alleviated by lax enforcement on the part of the shogunate of the feudal obligation of ''[[sankin kotai|sankin kôtai]]''; the lord of Tsushima made formal "alternate attendance" trips to Edo only five times between 1810 and 1842, at a cost of over 1,300 ''kan'' each time, while most ''daimyô'' were obliged to appear in attendance to the shogun fifteen times during that same period. Even so, despite all of this aid, Tsushima still suffered from economic difficulties. While its debts to the Osaka merchants came nowhere close to the 320,000 ''kan'' owed at one point by Satsuma, they were still sizable, especially for such a small domain, amounting to over 8,300 ''kan'' in 1835.<ref>Hellyer, 143-145.</ref>