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The ''ôhiroma'' contained three platforms of different heights, called ''dan'', allowing the shogun to sit not only at a distance from his formal visitors, but also physically above them. These were arranged from north to south, with the shogun sitting in the north, facing south, much as the Chinese emperor did at [[Forbidden City|imperial palaces in China]]. Only the highest-ranking retainers and guests were permitted to sit within the ''ôhiroma'', and then only in certain ''dan'', in accordance with their rank. Wrapping around an inner garden, and thus forming a U-shape with the three ''dan'', were three antechambers, known respectively as the ''ni-'', ''san-'', and ''yon-no-ma''. The ''shiroshoin'' was arranged similarly, though on a smaller scale, with two ''dan'', two audience rooms, and two antechambers.<ref>Mitani, xxv.</ref> The far north wall of the Ôhiroma was adorned with a large painting of a pine tree, which would have appeared to canopy the shogun as he sat there in the upper ''dan''; the pine, being long-lived and evergreen, was meant to represent the eternal power of the shogunate. To the shogun's left (northeast corner of the hall) was a small set of doors, where he and others would enter and exit the room, as well as a small ''tokonoma'' filled with ''chigaidana'' for displaying various objects of seasonal or occasional significance. These doors were inconspicuously painted with birds sleeping on branches of ''nanten'' (nandina) flowers; ''nanten'' puns on 「難転」　(''nanten'', "turning away danger"), while the sleeping birds represent peace, such as the shogunate enforced throughout the realm.<ref>Timon Screech, ''Obtaining Images'', University of Hawaii Press (2012), 39-40, 45.</ref>  

The ''ôhiroma'' contained three platforms of different heights, called ''dan'', allowing the shogun to sit not only at a distance from his formal visitors, but also physically above them. These were arranged from north to south, with the shogun sitting in the north, facing south, much as the Chinese emperor did at [[Forbidden City|imperial palaces in China]]. Only the highest-ranking retainers and guests were permitted to sit within the ''ôhiroma'', and then only in certain ''dan'', in accordance with their rank. Wrapping around an inner garden, and thus forming a U-shape with the three ''dan'', were three antechambers, known respectively as the ''ni-'', ''san-'', and ''yon-no-ma''. The ''shiroshoin'' was arranged similarly, though on a smaller scale, with two ''dan'', two audience rooms, and two antechambers.<ref>Mitani, xxv.</ref> The far north wall of the Ôhiroma was adorned with a large painting of a pine tree, which would have appeared to canopy the shogun as he sat there in the upper ''dan''; the pine, being long-lived and evergreen, was meant to represent the eternal power of the shogunate. To the shogun's left (northeast corner of the hall) was a small set of doors, where he and others would enter and exit the room, as well as a small ''tokonoma'' filled with ''chigaidana'' for displaying various objects of seasonal or occasional significance. These doors were inconspicuously painted with birds sleeping on branches of ''nanten'' (nandina) flowers; ''nanten'' puns on 「難転」　(''nanten'', "turning away danger"), while the sleeping birds represent peace, such as the shogunate enforced throughout the realm.<ref>Timon Screech, ''Obtaining Images'', University of Hawaii Press (2012), 39-40, 45.</ref>  

''Daimyô'' and others were divided, by rank, into association with particular waiting rooms, where they would be escorted upon entering the ''honmaru'' palace, and where they would wait until they were called upon, e.g. in the case of coming up to the castle for a formal audience with the shogun.<ref>Gallery label, "[https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/11269336136/ Daimyô no kakushiki]," Edo-Tokyo Museum.; Yamamoto Hirofumi, ''Edo jidai - shôgun bushi tachi no jitsuzô'', Tokyo Shoseki (2008), 67.</ref> The shogun's ability to keep even powerful ''daimyô'' waiting, whether in these waiting rooms, or in the audience hall itself, further impressed upon the ''daimyô'' their submission to his power.<ref>Walthall, 342.</ref>

''Daimyô'' and others were divided, by rank, into association with particular waiting rooms, where they would be escorted upon entering the ''honmaru'' palace, and where they would wait until they were called upon, e.g. in the case of coming up to the castle for a formal audience with the shogun.<ref>Gallery label, "[https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/11269336136/ Daimyô no kakushiki]," Edo-Tokyo Museum.; Yamamoto Hirofumi, ''Edo jidai - shôgun bushi tachi no jitsuzô'', Tokyo Shoseki (2008), 67.</ref> Though ''daimyô'' were called upon for their audiences in a set order in accordance with rank and status, they were not actually assigned seats within each of these waiting rooms; while waiting, they arranged themselves freely.<ref>Ogawa Kyôichi 小川恭一, ''Shogun omemie sahô'' 将軍お目見え作法, ''Tokyojin'' 東京人 (1995/1), 82.</ref> The shogun's ability to keep even powerful ''daimyô'' waiting, whether in these waiting rooms, or in the audience hall itself, further impressed upon the ''daimyô'' their submission to his power.<ref>Walthall, 342.</ref>

#Ôrôka: Members of the ''gosanke'' and ''gosankyô'', along with a few of the highest-ranking ''daimyô'' (such as the [[Maeda clan]] of [[Kaga han]], [[Shimazu clan]] of [[Satsuma han]], and [[Matsudaira clan (Echizen)|Matsudaira clan]] of [[Fukui han]]) were associated with the ''Ôrôka'', or "great corridor."

#Ôrôka: Members of the ''gosanke'' and ''gosankyô'', along with a few of the highest-ranking ''daimyô'' (such as the [[Maeda clan]] of [[Kaga han]], [[Shimazu clan]] of [[Satsuma han]], and [[Matsudaira clan (Echizen)|Matsudaira clan]] of [[Fukui han]]) were associated with the ''Ôrôka'', or "great corridor."

#Tamari-no-ma: Collateral houses of the Tokugawa, typically known as ''shinpan'' or ''kamon'', including the various [[Matsudaira clan]] branch families of [[Aizu han]], [[Kuwana han]], and [[Takamatsu han]], sat with the [[Ii clan]] of [[Hikone han]] and up to six other ''fudai daimyô'' and ''rôjû'' in the ''tamari no ma'', adjacent to the ceremonial chambers, and closest of all the ''daimyô'' waiting rooms to the shogunal residence.

#Tamari-no-ma: Collateral houses of the Tokugawa, typically known as ''shinpan'' or ''kamon'', including the various [[Matsudaira clan]] branch families of [[Aizu han]], [[Kuwana han]], and [[Takamatsu han]], sat with the [[Ii clan]] of [[Hikone han]] and up to six other ''fudai daimyô'' and ''rôjû'' in the ''tamari no ma'', adjacent to the ceremonial chambers, and closest of all the ''daimyô'' waiting rooms to the shogunal residence.

#Ôhiroma: Around thirty lords were associated with the audience hall itself. These included ''shinpan/kamon'' collateral families not included in the higher ranks, as well as ''tozama daimyô'' above 110,000 ''[[kokudaka|koku]]''.

#Ôhiroma: Around thirty lords were associated with the audience hall itself. These included ''shinpan/kamon'' collateral families not included in the higher ranks, as well as ''tozama daimyô'' above 110,000 ''[[kokudaka|koku]]''.

#Teikan no ma: Roughly sixty ''fudai'' and ''jun-fudai'' (semi- or quasi-''fudai'') clans were associated with the Teikan-no-ma, a room located within the ''shiroshoin'' and decorated with images of the "Mirror of the Emperors" (''teikan''). These included the [[Okubo clan|Ôkubo]] of [[Odawara han]], [[Toda clan|Toda]] of [[Ogaki han|Ôgaki]], and the [[Yanagisawa clan|Yanagisawa]] of [[Yamatokoriyama han]].

#Teikan no ma: Roughly sixty ''fudai'' and ''jun-fudai'' (semi- or quasi-''fudai'') clans were associated with the Teikan-no-ma, a room located within the ''shiroshoin'' and decorated with images of the "Mirror of the Emperors" (''teikan''). These included the [[Okubo clan|Ôkubo]] of [[Odawara han]], [[Toda clan|Toda]] of [[Ogaki han|Ôgaki]], and the [[Yanagisawa clan|Yanagisawa]] of [[Yamatokoriyama han]].

#Yanagi no ma: Branch houses of the clans associated with the Ôhiroma, along with ''tozama daimyô'' up to 100,000 ''koku'' in rank were associated with the Yanagi-no-ma, a room decorated with paintings of willows (''yanagi''). This was the largest group of ''daimyô'', numbering nearly eighty families, half of whom would have been present in Edo at any given time.<ref>Ogawa Kyôichi 小川恭一, ''Shogun omemie sahô'' 将軍お目見え作法, ''Tokyojin'' 東京人 (1995/1), 79, 82.</ref>

#Yanagi no ma: Branch houses of the clans associated with the Ôhiroma, along with ''tozama daimyô'' up to 100,000 ''koku'' in rank were associated with the Yanagi-no-ma, a room decorated with paintings of willows (''yanagi''). This was the largest group of ''daimyô'', numbering nearly eighty families, half of whom would have been present in Edo at any given time.<ref>Ogawa, ''Shogun omemie sahô'', 79, 82.</ref>

#Gan no ma: ''Fudai daimyô'' of castle-holding (''shiro-mochi'' or ''shiro-nushi'') rank and above were seated in the ''gan-no-ma'', a room located between the ''shiro'' and ''kuroshoin'', and decorated with paintings of geese (''gan''). The ''daimyô'' assigned to this waiting room were also known as the ''tsumeshû'', and as the ''oyakuke'' ("office houses"), the latter referring to the fact that the ''[[roju|rôjû]]'' and certain other top-ranking offices were selected from among these relatively low-ranking ''daimyô'' houses.<ref>Yamamoto Hirofumi, ''Edo jidai'', 67.</ref>

#Gan no ma: ''Fudai daimyô'' of castle-holding (''shiro-mochi'' or ''shiro-nushi'') rank and above were seated in the ''gan-no-ma'', a room located between the ''shiro'' and ''kuroshoin'', and decorated with paintings of geese (''gan''). The ''daimyô'' assigned to this waiting room were also known as the ''tsumeshû'', and as the ''oyakuke'' ("office houses"), the latter referring to the fact that the ''[[roju|rôjû]]'' and certain other top-ranking offices were selected from among these relatively low-ranking ''daimyô'' houses.<ref>Yamamoto Hirofumi, ''Edo jidai'', 67.</ref>

#Kiku no ma: ''Fudai daimyô'' not of castle-holding rank were seated in the "chrysanthemum room," or ''kiku-no-ma'', a room located between the ''kari-no-ma'' and the ''shiroshoin''. These included the [[Ooka clan|Ôoka]] of [[Nishi-Ohira han|Nishi-Ôhira]], the [[Oseki clan|Ôseki]] of [[Kurobane han]], the [[Yamaguchi clan]] of [[Ushihisa han]], and the [[Tanuma clan]] of [[Sagara han]].

#Kiku no ma: ''Fudai daimyô'' not of castle-holding rank were seated in the "chrysanthemum room," or ''kiku-no-ma'', a room located between the ''kari-no-ma'' and the ''shiroshoin''. These included the [[Ooka clan|Ôoka]] of [[Nishi-Ohira han|Nishi-Ôhira]], the [[Oseki clan|Ôseki]] of [[Kurobane han]], the [[Yamaguchi clan]] of [[Ushihisa han]], and the [[Tanuma clan]] of [[Sagara han]].