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The ''Tôjin yashiki'', or "Chinamen's mansions," was a compound in [[Nagasaki]] built by the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] to serve as residences and a base of operations for [[Chinese in Nagasaki|Chinese merchants]] in the city.

The ''Tôjin yashiki'', or "Chinamen's mansions," was a compound in [[Nagasaki]] built by the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] to serve as residences and a base of operations for [[Chinese in Nagasaki|Chinese merchants]] in the city.

The walled compound served a similar function to the tiny [[VOC|Dutch East India Company]] settlement on [[Dejima]], but was about twice the size, covering roughly seven acres. Surrounded by palisades, a moat, and gates which could be locked from the outside, the compound included residences, offices, and warehouses, and housed on average 2,000 Chinese merchants and sailors, though the number was initially nearly 5,000, and rose back up to that figure at times. Immediately inside the gates, authorized merchants operated stalls to the left, while roughly 300 interpreters, inspectors, and the like, and their staffs, maintained offices to the right. A pair of ''nagaya'' (long, two-storied barracks) served as the chief residences within the district.<ref>[[Marius Jansen]], ''China in the Tokugawa World'', Harvard University Press (1992), 29-30.</ref>

The walled compound served a similar function to the tiny [[VOC|Dutch East India Company]] settlement on [[Dejima]], but was about twice the size, covering roughly seven acres (or 28,000 square meters). Surrounded by palisades, a moat, and gates which could be locked from the outside, the compound included residences, offices, and warehouses, and housed on average 2,000 Chinese merchants and sailors, though the number was initially nearly 5,000, and rose back up to that figure at times. Immediately inside the gates, authorized merchants operated stalls to the left, while roughly 300 interpreters, inspectors, and the like, and their staffs, maintained offices to the right. A pair of ''nagaya'' (long, two-storied barracks) served as the chief residences within the district.<ref>[[Marius Jansen]], ''China in the Tokugawa World'', Harvard University Press (1992), 29-30.</ref> Shrines and temples, market stalls, and a bathhouse stood near the center of the compound.<ref>Yamagata Kin'ya 山形欣哉, ''Rekishi no umi wo hashiru'' 歴史の海を走る, Nôsangyoson bunka kyôkai (2004), 108.</ref>

 

While some Chinese residents of the city recognized as full members of Japanese society (a pre-modern equivalent to naturalized citizens, or perhaps resident aliens) were subject to the same restrictions as any Japanese commoner - free to move about the city and the archipelago, but forbidden from going overseas<ref>Tessa Morris-Suzuki, ''Re-Inventing Japan: Time, Space, Nation'', M.E. Sharpe (1998), 83.</ref> - those associated with the ''Tôjin yashiki'' were prohibited from leaving the compound or moving freely about the city except to go to and from the ships, to engage in authorized interactions with Japanese merchants, or to visit temples, and when doing so were always accompanied by low-ranking Nagasaki officials.<ref>Jansen, 30.</ref> Like the Dutch, but unlike very nearly all Japanese, the Chinese associated with the merchant compound were permitted, however, to travel overseas and return to Japan.

While some Chinese residents of the city recognized as full members of Japanese society (a pre-modern equivalent to naturalized citizens, or perhaps resident aliens) were subject to the same restrictions as any Japanese commoner - free to move about the city and the archipelago, but forbidden from going overseas<ref>Tessa Morris-Suzuki, ''Re-Inventing Japan: Time, Space, Nation'', M.E. Sharpe (1998), 83.</ref> - those associated with the ''Tôjin yashiki'' were prohibited from leaving the compound or moving freely about the city except to go to and from the ships, to engage in authorized interactions with Japanese merchants, or to visit temples, and when doing so were always accompanied by low-ranking Nagasaki officials.<ref>Jansen, 30.</ref> Like the Dutch, but unlike very nearly all Japanese, the Chinese associated with the merchant compound were permitted, however, to travel overseas and return to Japan.

In the 1820s, many residents of the ''Tôjin yashiki'' managed to bribe their way into freer movement around the city, and freer & more direct interactions with Japanese merchants. The shogunate attempted to put an end to this by having [[Kuroda Naritaka]], lord of [[Fukuoka han]], station guards outside the Chinese compound. The Chinese responded with a three-day-long riot, and though the samurai were able to restore order, trade in the port - and revenues for the shogunate's [[Nagasaki kaisho|Nagasaki customs house]] in particular - declined in the 1830s. The shogunate initially blamed this decline on competition from smuggling organized or supported by [[Satsuma han]], but in fact, the weakness of the Dutch East India Company in the 1800s-1820s, and increased competition for the foreign merchants from domestic Japanese products played important roles as well.<ref>Hellyer, 133-136.</ref>

In the 1820s, many residents of the ''Tôjin yashiki'' managed to bribe their way into freer movement around the city, and freer & more direct interactions with Japanese merchants. The shogunate attempted to put an end to this by having [[Kuroda Naritaka]], lord of [[Fukuoka han]], station guards outside the Chinese compound. The Chinese responded with a three-day-long riot, and though the samurai were able to restore order, trade in the port - and revenues for the shogunate's [[Nagasaki kaisho|Nagasaki customs house]] in particular - declined in the 1830s. The shogunate initially blamed this decline on competition from smuggling organized or supported by [[Satsuma han]], but in fact, the weakness of the Dutch East India Company in the 1800s-1820s, and increased competition for the foreign merchants from domestic Japanese products played important roles as well.<ref>Hellyer, 133-136.</ref>

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