Changes

All but the last mission traveled to Edo, going via Tsushima, through the [[Inland Sea]] to [[Osaka]], and then overland from there; the 1811 mission only journeyed as far as Tsushima.

All but the last mission traveled to Edo, going via Tsushima, through the [[Inland Sea]] to [[Osaka]], and then overland from there; the 1811 mission only journeyed as far as Tsushima.

The missions sailed aboard a fleet of three Korean ships from [[Pusan]] to Tsushima, accompanied by three cargo ships, and escorted by a number of ships from Tsushima.<ref name=sato/> Leaving their Korean ships behind at Tsushima, they then rode on Japanese ships from there on, accompanied by the lord of the [[So clan|Sô clan]] and 800-1500 of his men, as far as Osaka.<ref name=hur1719>Nam-Lin Hur, "A Korean Envoy Encounters Tokugawa Japan: Shin Yuhan and the Korean Embassy of 1719," ''Bunmei 21'' no. 4 (Aichi University, 2000), 61-73.</ref> They passed through stops at [[Ikishima]] and along the coasts of [[Chikuzen province|Chikuzen]] and [[Buzen province]]s (in northern Kyushu), before passing through the straits at [[Shimonoseki]] (aka Akamagaseki).<ref name=carnival420>Toby, Ronald. "Carnival of the Aliens: Korean Embassies in Edo-Period Art and Popular Culture." ''[[Monumenta Nipponica]]'' 41:4 (1986). 420n14.</ref>

The missions sailed aboard a fleet of three Korean ships from [[Pusan]] to Tsushima, accompanied by three cargo ships, and escorted by a number of ships from Tsushima.<ref name=sato/> Leaving their Korean ships behind at Tsushima, they spent some time enjoying lavish receptions on the island, and then rode on Japanese ships from there on, accompanied by the lord of the [[So clan|Sô clan]] and 800-1500 of his men, as far as Osaka.<ref name=hur1719>Nam-Lin Hur, "A Korean Envoy Encounters Tokugawa Japan: Shin Yuhan and the Korean Embassy of 1719," ''Bunmei 21'' no. 4 (Aichi University, 2000), 61-73.</ref> They passed through stops at [[Ikishima]] and along the coasts of [[Chikuzen province|Chikuzen]] and [[Buzen province]]s (in northern Kyushu), before passing through the straits at [[Shimonoseki]] (aka Akamagaseki).<ref name=carnival420>Toby, Ronald. "Carnival of the Aliens: Korean Embassies in Edo-Period Art and Popular Culture." ''[[Monumenta Nipponica]]'' 41:4 (1986). 420n14.</ref>

The tiny island of [[Ainoshima]], located in the [[Genkai Sea]] just north of the dual ports of [[Fukuoka]] and [[Hakata]], serves as illustrative of the expenses and preparations involved in receiving a Korean mission at any one of these stopover points. More than a year in advance, [[Fukuoka han]] authorities funded and oversaw the construction of a new reception hall on the island. Villagers' homes, among other buildings, were used to house the other 350-500 Koreans, plus the lord of Tsushima and his men. The chief Buddhist temple on the island would be renovated, to serve as lodging for Fukuoka domain officials acting as hosts. Repairs were also made to harbors on the island, and at the port of Shingû; all of these efforts involved considerable corvée labor. In [[1748]], Fukuoka han deployed 443 small boats with 1,625 crew members plus another 1,174 corvée boatmen from across a number of coastal villages, to help provide transport for Fukuoka officials and supplies to Ainoshima, to mark shallows and help ensure a safe route for the Korean & Tsushima ships, and to provide enough fresh seafood to feed roughly 1,000 people (Koreans plus samurai).<ref>Arne Kalland, ''Fishing Villages in Tokugawa Japan'', University of Hawaii Press (1995), 219-220.</ref>

The tiny island of [[Ainoshima]], located in the [[Genkai Sea]] just north of the dual ports of [[Fukuoka]] and [[Hakata]], serves as illustrative of the expenses and preparations involved in receiving a Korean mission at any one of these stopover points. More than a year in advance, [[Fukuoka han]] authorities funded and oversaw the construction of a new reception hall on the island. Villagers' homes, among other buildings, were used to house the other 350-500 Koreans, plus the lord of Tsushima and his men. The chief Buddhist temple on the island would be renovated, to serve as lodging for Fukuoka domain officials acting as hosts. Repairs were also made to harbors on the island, and at the port of Shingû; all of these efforts involved considerable corvée labor. In [[1748]], Fukuoka han deployed 443 small boats with 1,625 crew members plus another 1,174 corvée boatmen from across a number of coastal villages, to help provide transport for Fukuoka officials and supplies to Ainoshima, to mark shallows and help ensure a safe route for the Korean & Tsushima ships, and to provide enough fresh seafood to feed roughly 1,000 people (Koreans plus samurai).<ref>Arne Kalland, ''Fishing Villages in Tokugawa Japan'', University of Hawaii Press (1995), 219-220.</ref>

After arriving in Fukuoka, the embassies made their way east around Kyushu, through the straits at Shimonoseki, into the Inland Sea. The maritime journey through the Inland Sea was accomplished aboard a fleet of vessels, numbering as many as one hundred according to one 1821 painting; for at least a portion of this journey, the fleet was preceded by a ship flying the banners of the [[Murakami clan (Chugoku)|Murakami clan]], who in the [[Sengoku period]] had been the dominant power in these waters. The three lead Korean ambassadors each rode in separate thirty-meter-long vessels with red and gold banners, while smaller ships carried other members of the mission and their luggage.<ref>Martin Dusinberre, ''Hard Times in the Hometown: A History of Community Survival in Modern Japan'', University of Hawaii Press (2012), 23-24.</ref> These lead ships, usually numbering four, were ''[[yakata bune]]'' commissioned by the shogunate, from regional ''daimyô'', for this purpose.<ref name=sato/>

After arriving in Fukuoka, the embassies made their way east around Kyushu, to Shimonoseki. There, they enjoyed receptions organized by the ''daimyô'' of both [[Choshu han|Chôshû]] and [[Chofu han|Chôfu domains]], and by the Buddhist temple of Amida-ji (today, [[Akama Shrine]]). They also engaged in scholarly and artistic exchanges with scholars based at the [[han school|domain school]] [[Meirinkan]].<ref>''Chôsen tsûshinshi to Okayama'', 55.</ref>

 

The Korean mission then passed through the straits at Shimonoseki, into the Inland Sea. The maritime journey through the Inland Sea was accomplished aboard a fleet of vessels, numbering as many as one hundred according to one 1821 painting; for at least a portion of this journey, the fleet was preceded by a ship flying the banners of the [[Murakami clan (Chugoku)|Murakami clan]], who in the [[Sengoku period]] had been the dominant power in these waters. The three lead Korean ambassadors each rode in separate thirty-meter-long vessels with red and gold banners, while smaller ships carried other members of the mission and their luggage.<ref>Martin Dusinberre, ''Hard Times in the Hometown: A History of Community Survival in Modern Japan'', University of Hawaii Press (2012), 23-24.</ref> These lead ships, usually numbering four, were ''[[yakata bune]]'' commissioned by the shogunate, from regional ''daimyô'', for this purpose.<ref name=sato/>

At the port of [[Kaminoseki]], near the easternmost reaches of [[Choshu han|Chôshû han]], which might serve as a representative case, most of the houses along the main street, as well as a number of houses along the main street of the neighboring port of Murotsu, were made to house Tsushima or Chôshû officials accompanying the Korean missions.<ref>In 1764, for example, 36 out of the 43 homes along the main street in Kaminoseki each housed at least one official, with some of them housing as many as four or five. Dusinberre, 24-25.</ref> As they made their way through the Inland Sea, the mission stopped at port-towns such as [[Kamagari]], [[Tomonoura]], [[Ushimado]], [[Murotsu]], and [[Hyogo no tsu|Hyôgo no tsu]], where they were provided formal receptions, food, and lodgings, as the Ryukyuan missions did as well.<ref name=ethnic447>Nam-lin Hur, “Choson Korean Officials in the Land of Tokugawa Japan: Ethnic Perceptions in the 1719 Korean Embassy,” ''Korea Observer'' 38:3 (2007): 447.</ref>

At the port of [[Kaminoseki]], near the easternmost reaches of [[Choshu han|Chôshû han]], which might serve as a representative case, most of the houses along the main street, as well as a number of houses along the main street of the neighboring port of Murotsu, were made to house Tsushima or Chôshû officials accompanying the Korean missions.<ref>In 1764, for example, 36 out of the 43 homes along the main street in Kaminoseki each housed at least one official, with some of them housing as many as four or five. Dusinberre, 24-25.</ref> As they made their way through the Inland Sea, the mission stopped at port-towns such as [[Kamagari]], [[Tomonoura]], [[Ushimado]], [[Murotsu]], and [[Hyogo no tsu|Hyôgo no tsu]], where they were provided formal receptions, food, and lodgings, as the Ryukyuan missions did as well.<ref name=ethnic447>Nam-lin Hur, “Choson Korean Officials in the Land of Tokugawa Japan: Ethnic Perceptions in the 1719 Korean Embassy,” ''Korea Observer'' 38:3 (2007): 447.</ref>