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Jump to navigationJump to searchCreated page with "*''Japanese'': 摂政・関白 ''(sesshou, kanpaku)'', 摂関 ''(sekkan)'' ''Sesshô'' and ''kanpaku''<ref>Sometimes spelled ''kampaku'', reflecting the phonetic change when ..."
*''Japanese'': 摂政・関白 ''(sesshou, kanpaku)'', 摂関 ''(sekkan)''
''Sesshô'' and ''kanpaku''<ref>Sometimes spelled ''kampaku'', reflecting the phonetic change when ん ('n') precedes certain sounds, such as ぱ ('pa'). The spelling in Japanese ''[[kana]]'' spelling remains unchanged, however; this is merely a change of pronunciation.</ref> refer to imperial regents; the ''sesshô'' served as regent for an [[emperor]] in his minority (i.e. before he was old enough to rule on his own), while a ''kanpaku'' served as regent for an adult emperor. These positions were particularly influential during the [[Heian period]], and were for a time in the 10th-11th centuries dominated by members of the [[Fujiwara clan]], who exerted considerable political influence as regents. However, the posts continued to exist through the [[Edo period]], albeit becoming largely honorary or ceremonial.
[[Fujiwara no Yoshifusa]] was the first imperial regent to not be from the imperial family himself, though the terms ''sesshô'' and ''kanpaku'' were not yet in use. [[Fujiwara no Mototsune]], some time later, would be the first officially appointed ''kanpaku''.
For a time in the mid-to-late Heian period, the Fujiwara dominated these regency positions, and also employed political marriages to ensure that nearly every emperor of the time had a Fujiwara grandfather and Fujiwara father-in-law. Members of the Fujiwara clan frequently pressured emperors to retire quite young, and to bring underage heirs onto the throne, ensuring greater powers for the regent. Further, Fujiwara grandfathers or fathers-in-law often selected the regents. This shifted when [[Emperor Shirakawa]], upon his retirement in [[1086]], insisted on naming his successor's regent, and on continuing to exert influence otherwise, thus marking the beginning of the [[Retired Emperor]] or ''Insei'' period, in which Retired Emperors vied with the Fujiwara clan for power, with the former quickly coming out on top.
By the early 13th century, a set of five branch families of the Fujiwara, known as the ''[[Gosekke]]'' (lit. "Five Se[sshô] Houses"), alternated control of the regency. These five families, the [[Konoe family|Konoe]], [[Ichijo family|Ichijô]], [[Nijo family|Nijô]], [[Kujo family|Kujô]], and [[Takatsukasa family|Takatsukasa]], continued to dominate the position well into the Edo period.<ref>Cecilia Segawa Seigle, "Shinanomiya Tsuneko: Portrait of a Court Lady," in Anne Walthall (ed.), ''The Human Tradition in Modern Japan'', Scholarly Resources, Inc. (2002), 6, 14.</ref>
[[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] was a notable exception, one of the very few not of Fujiwara descent to be named regent. He was adopted by [[Konoe Sakihisa]], however, in order to lend legitimacy to his appointment. For Hideyoshi, this was largely a symbolic title, but an important one, legitimizing his rule. He passed on this title to his nephew [[Toyotomi Hidetsugu]] in [[1592]]. After the fall of the [[Toyotomi clan]], the ''Gosekke'' resumed their domination of the regency.
==List of Regents==
*[[Fujiwara no Yoshifusa]] (''Sesshô'' [[857]]-[[872]])
*[[Fujiwara no Mototsune]] (''Sesshô'' [[873]]-[[880]], ''Kanpaku'' 880-[[891]])
*[[Fujiwara no Tadahira]] (''Sesshô'' [[930]]-[[941]], ''Kanpaku'' 941-[[949]])
*None (949-967)
*[[Fujiwara no Saneyori]] (''Kanpaku'' [[967]]-[[969]], ''Sesshô'' 969-[[970]])
*[[Fujiwara no Koretada]] (''Sesshô'' 970-[[972]])
*[[Fujiwara no Kanemichi]] (''Kanpaku'' 972-[[977]])
*[[Fujiwara no Yoritada]] (''Kanpaku'' 977-[[986]])
*[[Fujiwara no Kaneie]] (''Sesshô'' 986-[[990]], ''Kanpaku'' 990)
*[[Fujiwara no Michitaka]] (''Sesshô'' 990-[[993]], ''Kanpaku'' 993-[[995]])
*[[Fujiwara no Michikane]] (''Kanpaku'' 995)
*[[Fujiwara no Michinaga]] (''Kanpaku'' 995-[[1017]], ''Sesshô'' [[1016]]-1017)
*[[Fujiwara no Yorimichi]] (''Sesshô'' 1017-[[1019]], ''Kanpaku'' 1019-[[1068]])
*[[Fujiwara no Norimichi]] (''Kanpaku'' 1068-[[1075]])
*[[Fujiwara no Morozane]] (''Kanpaku'' 1075-[[1086]], ''Sesshô'' [[1088]]-[[1090]], ''Kanpaku'' 1090-[[1094]])
*[[Fujiwara no Moromichi]] (''Kanpaku'' 1094-[[1099]])
*[[Fujiwara no Tadazane]] (''Kanpaku'' [[1105]]-[[1107]], ''Sesshô'' 1107-[[1113]], ''Kanpaku'' 1113-[[1121]])
*[[Fujiwara no Tadamichi]] (''Kanpaku'' 1121-[[1123]], ''Sesshô'' 1123-[[1129]], ''Kanpaku'' 1129-[[1141]], ''Sesshô'' 1141-[[1150]], ''Kanpaku'' 1150-[[1158]])
*[[Fujiwara no Motozane]] (''Kanpaku'' 1158-[[1165]], ''Sesshô'' 1165-[[1166]])
*[[Fujiwara no Motofusa]] (''Sesshô'' 1166-[[1172]])
*[[Fujiwara no Motomichi]] (''Kanpaku'' [[1179]]-[[1180]], ''Sesshô'' 1180-[[1183]], ''Sesshô'' [[1184]]-[[1186]])
*[[Fujiwara no Moroiye]] (''Sesshô'' 1183-1184)
*[[Fujiwara Yoshitsune]] (''Sesshô'' ?-?)
*[[Kujo Michiie|Kujô Michiie]] (''Sesshô'', ''Kanpaku'' ?-?)
*[[Kujo Norizane|Kujô Norizane]] (''Sesshô'' ?-?)
*[[Kujo Yoshizane|Kujô Yoshizane]] (''Sesshô'' ?-?)
*[[Kujo Sanetsune|Kujô Sanetsune]] (''Sesshô'' ?-?)
*[[Nijo Yoshimoto|Nijô Yoshimoto]] (''Kanpaku'', c. [[1349]])
...
*[[Ichijo Fusaie|Ichijô Fusaie]] (''Kanpaku'', c. [[1468]])
*[[Ichijo Fusafuyu|Ichijô Fusafuyu]] (''Kanpaku'' ?-?)
*[[Konoe Taneie]] (''Kanpaku'' ?-?)
*[[Konoe Sakihisa]] (''Kanpaku'' [[1554]]-?)
*[[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] (''Kanpaku'' [[1585]]-[[1592]])
*[[Toyotomi Hidetsugu]] (''Kanpaku'' 1592-?)
*[[Konoe Nobutada]] (''Kanpaku'' 1605-?)
...
*[[Nijo Mitsuhira|Nijô Mitsuhira]] (''Kanpaku'' ?-?)
*[[Takatsukasa Fusasuke]] (''Kanpaku'' ?-[[1682]])
*[[Ichijo Fuyutsune|Ichijô Fuyutsune]] (''Kanpaku'' 1682-?)
*[[Konoe Motohiro]] (''Kanpaku'' [[1690]]-?)
*[[Konoe Iehiro]] (''Kanpaku'' [[1707]]-[[1709]], ''Sesshô'' 1709-[[1712]])
*[[Konoe Iehisa]] (''Sesshô'', ''Kanpaku'' ?-?)
{{stub}}
==References==
*Evelyn Rawski, ''Early Modern China and Northeast Asia: Cross-Border Perspectives'', Cambridge University Press (2015), 155-156.
<references/>
[[Category:Ranks and Titles]]
[[Category:Heian Period]]
''Sesshô'' and ''kanpaku''<ref>Sometimes spelled ''kampaku'', reflecting the phonetic change when ん ('n') precedes certain sounds, such as ぱ ('pa'). The spelling in Japanese ''[[kana]]'' spelling remains unchanged, however; this is merely a change of pronunciation.</ref> refer to imperial regents; the ''sesshô'' served as regent for an [[emperor]] in his minority (i.e. before he was old enough to rule on his own), while a ''kanpaku'' served as regent for an adult emperor. These positions were particularly influential during the [[Heian period]], and were for a time in the 10th-11th centuries dominated by members of the [[Fujiwara clan]], who exerted considerable political influence as regents. However, the posts continued to exist through the [[Edo period]], albeit becoming largely honorary or ceremonial.
[[Fujiwara no Yoshifusa]] was the first imperial regent to not be from the imperial family himself, though the terms ''sesshô'' and ''kanpaku'' were not yet in use. [[Fujiwara no Mototsune]], some time later, would be the first officially appointed ''kanpaku''.
For a time in the mid-to-late Heian period, the Fujiwara dominated these regency positions, and also employed political marriages to ensure that nearly every emperor of the time had a Fujiwara grandfather and Fujiwara father-in-law. Members of the Fujiwara clan frequently pressured emperors to retire quite young, and to bring underage heirs onto the throne, ensuring greater powers for the regent. Further, Fujiwara grandfathers or fathers-in-law often selected the regents. This shifted when [[Emperor Shirakawa]], upon his retirement in [[1086]], insisted on naming his successor's regent, and on continuing to exert influence otherwise, thus marking the beginning of the [[Retired Emperor]] or ''Insei'' period, in which Retired Emperors vied with the Fujiwara clan for power, with the former quickly coming out on top.
By the early 13th century, a set of five branch families of the Fujiwara, known as the ''[[Gosekke]]'' (lit. "Five Se[sshô] Houses"), alternated control of the regency. These five families, the [[Konoe family|Konoe]], [[Ichijo family|Ichijô]], [[Nijo family|Nijô]], [[Kujo family|Kujô]], and [[Takatsukasa family|Takatsukasa]], continued to dominate the position well into the Edo period.<ref>Cecilia Segawa Seigle, "Shinanomiya Tsuneko: Portrait of a Court Lady," in Anne Walthall (ed.), ''The Human Tradition in Modern Japan'', Scholarly Resources, Inc. (2002), 6, 14.</ref>
[[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] was a notable exception, one of the very few not of Fujiwara descent to be named regent. He was adopted by [[Konoe Sakihisa]], however, in order to lend legitimacy to his appointment. For Hideyoshi, this was largely a symbolic title, but an important one, legitimizing his rule. He passed on this title to his nephew [[Toyotomi Hidetsugu]] in [[1592]]. After the fall of the [[Toyotomi clan]], the ''Gosekke'' resumed their domination of the regency.
==List of Regents==
*[[Fujiwara no Yoshifusa]] (''Sesshô'' [[857]]-[[872]])
*[[Fujiwara no Mototsune]] (''Sesshô'' [[873]]-[[880]], ''Kanpaku'' 880-[[891]])
*[[Fujiwara no Tadahira]] (''Sesshô'' [[930]]-[[941]], ''Kanpaku'' 941-[[949]])
*None (949-967)
*[[Fujiwara no Saneyori]] (''Kanpaku'' [[967]]-[[969]], ''Sesshô'' 969-[[970]])
*[[Fujiwara no Koretada]] (''Sesshô'' 970-[[972]])
*[[Fujiwara no Kanemichi]] (''Kanpaku'' 972-[[977]])
*[[Fujiwara no Yoritada]] (''Kanpaku'' 977-[[986]])
*[[Fujiwara no Kaneie]] (''Sesshô'' 986-[[990]], ''Kanpaku'' 990)
*[[Fujiwara no Michitaka]] (''Sesshô'' 990-[[993]], ''Kanpaku'' 993-[[995]])
*[[Fujiwara no Michikane]] (''Kanpaku'' 995)
*[[Fujiwara no Michinaga]] (''Kanpaku'' 995-[[1017]], ''Sesshô'' [[1016]]-1017)
*[[Fujiwara no Yorimichi]] (''Sesshô'' 1017-[[1019]], ''Kanpaku'' 1019-[[1068]])
*[[Fujiwara no Norimichi]] (''Kanpaku'' 1068-[[1075]])
*[[Fujiwara no Morozane]] (''Kanpaku'' 1075-[[1086]], ''Sesshô'' [[1088]]-[[1090]], ''Kanpaku'' 1090-[[1094]])
*[[Fujiwara no Moromichi]] (''Kanpaku'' 1094-[[1099]])
*[[Fujiwara no Tadazane]] (''Kanpaku'' [[1105]]-[[1107]], ''Sesshô'' 1107-[[1113]], ''Kanpaku'' 1113-[[1121]])
*[[Fujiwara no Tadamichi]] (''Kanpaku'' 1121-[[1123]], ''Sesshô'' 1123-[[1129]], ''Kanpaku'' 1129-[[1141]], ''Sesshô'' 1141-[[1150]], ''Kanpaku'' 1150-[[1158]])
*[[Fujiwara no Motozane]] (''Kanpaku'' 1158-[[1165]], ''Sesshô'' 1165-[[1166]])
*[[Fujiwara no Motofusa]] (''Sesshô'' 1166-[[1172]])
*[[Fujiwara no Motomichi]] (''Kanpaku'' [[1179]]-[[1180]], ''Sesshô'' 1180-[[1183]], ''Sesshô'' [[1184]]-[[1186]])
*[[Fujiwara no Moroiye]] (''Sesshô'' 1183-1184)
*[[Fujiwara Yoshitsune]] (''Sesshô'' ?-?)
*[[Kujo Michiie|Kujô Michiie]] (''Sesshô'', ''Kanpaku'' ?-?)
*[[Kujo Norizane|Kujô Norizane]] (''Sesshô'' ?-?)
*[[Kujo Yoshizane|Kujô Yoshizane]] (''Sesshô'' ?-?)
*[[Kujo Sanetsune|Kujô Sanetsune]] (''Sesshô'' ?-?)
*[[Nijo Yoshimoto|Nijô Yoshimoto]] (''Kanpaku'', c. [[1349]])
...
*[[Ichijo Fusaie|Ichijô Fusaie]] (''Kanpaku'', c. [[1468]])
*[[Ichijo Fusafuyu|Ichijô Fusafuyu]] (''Kanpaku'' ?-?)
*[[Konoe Taneie]] (''Kanpaku'' ?-?)
*[[Konoe Sakihisa]] (''Kanpaku'' [[1554]]-?)
*[[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] (''Kanpaku'' [[1585]]-[[1592]])
*[[Toyotomi Hidetsugu]] (''Kanpaku'' 1592-?)
*[[Konoe Nobutada]] (''Kanpaku'' 1605-?)
...
*[[Nijo Mitsuhira|Nijô Mitsuhira]] (''Kanpaku'' ?-?)
*[[Takatsukasa Fusasuke]] (''Kanpaku'' ?-[[1682]])
*[[Ichijo Fuyutsune|Ichijô Fuyutsune]] (''Kanpaku'' 1682-?)
*[[Konoe Motohiro]] (''Kanpaku'' [[1690]]-?)
*[[Konoe Iehiro]] (''Kanpaku'' [[1707]]-[[1709]], ''Sesshô'' 1709-[[1712]])
*[[Konoe Iehisa]] (''Sesshô'', ''Kanpaku'' ?-?)
{{stub}}
==References==
*Evelyn Rawski, ''Early Modern China and Northeast Asia: Cross-Border Perspectives'', Cambridge University Press (2015), 155-156.
<references/>
[[Category:Ranks and Titles]]
[[Category:Heian Period]]
