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Japanese Swords (view source)

Revision as of 17:09, 30 September 2006

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Japan early history is highly affected by the continent and its more ancient cultures. The culture of the Yayoi period was surely strongly subject to the influence of Korea and thru this peninsula the most important innovations arrived in Japan. Rice cultivation and iron tools and related technology were introduced at the end of the Jomon era.  Iron tools and weapons helped the Japanese to enhance their living. In the first stage of its development Japan imported iron tools and weaponry from the continent and continental craftmen immigrated in Japan. Soon after the Japanese becomes to forge and manufacture their own blades.  Very ancient sources as the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki already  quotes swords as highly valuable weapons and objects of worship. This is confirmed by the number of swords found in Kofun and the high number of swords which belongs to Shrines.  Its debated how many activities were visualized with the ancient polishing methods but is undeniable that, in early times, the beauty of the Japanese sword was only  caused by the pursuit of its practical functions as a weapon. Already in the VI century b.C. we have the insurgence of a Japanese taste in fittings but the design of the blades was still strongly influenced by the continent, being the fighting tactics equally imported from China and mainly based on masses of footsoldiers with spears and shields.  There is an old saying regarding Japanese swords: Orenai, magarani, yoku kireru (shouldn't break, shouldn't bend and cuts well). These are the most important qualities a sword must have and Japanese swordmakers (Tosho) made great efforts in searching for improvement of the Chinese specimens. When these tactics changed due to the fight against Emishi for domain of the Kanto plain, the advantages of a curved sword for horseback fighting begun evident to the japaneses, that already showed their attitude to practicality and skillfullness in adopting foreign items adapting and upgrading them to their needs. As long as the original purpose of the sword is of a practical nature, it is natural that changes of fighting style and cutting targets have influenced the sword, especially in the shape. For this reason we can judge the approximate age of the sword from the Sugata (Shape).as well as Jihada and Hamon, that are strictly related to functionality.
 
Japan early history is highly affected by the continent and its more ancient cultures. The culture of the Yayoi period was surely strongly subject to the influence of Korea and thru this peninsula the most important innovations arrived in Japan. Rice cultivation and iron tools and related technology were introduced at the end of the Jomon era.  Iron tools and weapons helped the Japanese to enhance their living. In the first stage of its development Japan imported iron tools and weaponry from the continent and continental craftmen immigrated in Japan. Soon after the Japanese becomes to forge and manufacture their own blades.  Very ancient sources as the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki already  quotes swords as highly valuable weapons and objects of worship. This is confirmed by the number of swords found in Kofun and the high number of swords which belongs to Shrines.  Its debated how many activities were visualized with the ancient polishing methods but is undeniable that, in early times, the beauty of the Japanese sword was only  caused by the pursuit of its practical functions as a weapon. Already in the VI century b.C. we have the insurgence of a Japanese taste in fittings but the design of the blades was still strongly influenced by the continent, being the fighting tactics equally imported from China and mainly based on masses of footsoldiers with spears and shields.  There is an old saying regarding Japanese swords: Orenai, magarani, yoku kireru (shouldn't break, shouldn't bend and cuts well). These are the most important qualities a sword must have and Japanese swordmakers (Tosho) made great efforts in searching for improvement of the Chinese specimens. When these tactics changed due to the fight against Emishi for domain of the Kanto plain, the advantages of a curved sword for horseback fighting begun evident to the japaneses, that already showed their attitude to practicality and skillfullness in adopting foreign items adapting and upgrading them to their needs. As long as the original purpose of the sword is of a practical nature, it is natural that changes of fighting style and cutting targets have influenced the sword, especially in the shape. For this reason we can judge the approximate age of the sword from the Sugata (Shape).as well as Jihada and Hamon, that are strictly related to functionality.
−
Is generally agreed that the fully developed Japanese sword appearance was around the 940 a.C., period in which we find the most ancient extant swords with all the characteristics needed in the "ideal" japanese sword : single edge differentially hardened with strong curvature. Some of these ancient blades already shows another peculiarity of the japanese sword : a softer steel inner core wrapped by harder steel. It's debated if all such ancient blades are made the same way, but at least some shows that this technology was already used in this period. As this “basic” shape has changed in its key features many times and quiet deeply during the centuries, we need to know the periods in which the history of the japanese sword is divided in :
+
Is generally agreed that the fully developed Japanese sword appearance was around the 940 a.C., period in which we find the most ancient extant swords with all the characteristics needed in the "ideal" japanese sword : single edge differentially hardened with strong curvature. Some of these ancient blades already shows another peculiarity of the japanese sword : a softer steel inner core wrapped by harder steel. It's debated if all such ancient blades are made the same way, but at least some shows that this technology was already used in this period. As this “basic” shape has changed in its key features many times and quiet deeply during the centuries, we need to know the periods in which the history of the japanese sword is divided in.
   −
Before the mid Heian period:  before the appearance of the Japanese sword.
+
Academically, Japanese swords are divided in periods as follows :
−
The mid-late Heian and the early Kamakura period: Divided by the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate government at the end of the 12th century.
  −
 
  −
The mid and the late Kamakura period: A hundred years until the downfall of the Hojo clan in the 3rd year of Genko (1333). A lot of excellent smiths turn up in various places and they establish unique workmanship.
  −
 
  −
The Nambokucho period: For sixty years from the 3rd year of Genko era to the 9th year of Genchu era (1392) when the peace treaty was concluded between the southern Imperial court and the northern Imperial court. Up until this time, all long blades were Tachi.
  −
 
  −
The Muromachi period: In the political chronology, for a hundred and eighty years from the 9th of the Genchu era to the 1st of the Tensho era (1573) including the Sengoku period. This is the last period of the Koto times and Katana takes the place of Tachi.
  −
The Momoyama period: In the political chronology from the 2nd year of Tensho to the 5th year of the Keicho era (1600) when Tokugawa Ieyasu won the battle of Sekigahara and began to hold the reins of government.
  −
 
  −
The Edo period: In the political chronology the Edo period is ended by the Taisei Hokan (1867) when the last Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu handed over the reign to the Emperor. There are only a small number of smiths after the Genroku era (1688-).
  −
 
  −
The end of the Edo period and the early Meiji era: From the Tenmei era (1781-) to the 9th year of the Meiji era (-1876) when the Haito Rei was decreed. This is the Shinshinto times.
  −
 
  −
The mid Meiji era to the present era: This is the so-called Gendaito times.
  −
There is little demand for the Japanese sword between the Meiji and the Taisho era but swordsmiths manage somehow to hold to the traditional method of sword making. A large number of mass-produced swords which are generally called "Showato" were produced by the end of the last war. Soon after the last war the sword production was resumed and nowadays they must be art sword because it is illegal to make swords as weapons by today's Japanese law.
  −
(Nagayama Kokan, Token Kantei Dokuhon)
  −
 
  −
Academically, Japanese swords are divided in exact periods as follows :
      
*Jokoto 上古刀 pre-938,
 
*Jokoto 上古刀 pre-938,
Line 47: Line 29:  
*The Jokoto times
 
*The Jokoto times
   −
*The Yamato period  
+
**The Yamato period  
−
Taika (645-), Hakuchi (650-), Shucho or Suzaku (686-), Taiho (701-), Kyoun (704-), Wado (708-).
+
Taika (645-), Hakuchi (650-), Shucho or Suzaku (686-), Taiho (701-),  
 +
Kyoun (704-), Wado (708-).
   −
*The Nara period
+
**The Nara period
 
From the 3rd year of the Wado era (710);
 
From the 3rd year of the Wado era (710);
−
Reiki (715-), Yoro (717-), Jinki (724-), Tenpyo (729-), Tenpyo Kanpo or Tenpyo Shoho (749-), Tenpyo Hoji (757-), Tenpyo Jingo (765-), Jingo Keiun (767-), Hoki (770-), Tenno (781-), Enryaku (782-).
+
Reiki (715-), Yoro (717-), Jinki (724-), Tenpyo (729-), Tenpyo Kanpo or  
 +
Tenpyo Shoho (749-), Tenpyo Hoji (757-), Tenpyo Jingo (765-),  
 +
Jingo Keiun (767-), Hoki (770-), Tenno (781-), Enryaku (782-).
   −
*The early Heian period  
+
**The early Heian period  
 
From the 13th of the Enryaku (794);
 
From the 13th of the Enryaku (794);
−
Daido (806-), Konin (810-), Tencho (824-), Jowa (834-) (851-), Saiko (854-), Ten-an (857-), Jogan (859-), (885-), Kanpyo (889-), Shotai (898-), Engi (901-), (931-), Tengyo (938-), Tenryaku (947-), Tentoku (957-) (978-), Eigan (983-), Kanna (985-) , Kasho (848-), Ninju Gangyo (877-), Ninna Encho (923-), Johei , Ohwa (961-), Tengen
+
Daido (806-), Konin (810-), Tencho (824-), Jowa (834-) (851-), Saiko (854-),
 +
Ten-an (857-), Jogan (859-), (885-), Kanpyo (889-), Shotai (898-),  
 +
Engi (901-), (931-), Tengyo (938-), Tenryaku (947-), Tentoku (957-) (978-),  
 +
Eigan (983-), Kanna (985-), Kasho (848-), Ninju Gangyo (877-),  
 +
Ninna Encho (923-), Johei , Ohwa (961-), Tengen
    
*The Koto times
 
*The Koto times
−
Eien (987-), Eiso (989-), Shoryaku (990-), Chotoku (995-), Choho (999-), Kanko (1004-), Chowa (1012-), Kannin (1017-), Jian (1021-), Manju (1024-), Chogen (1028-), Choryaku (1037-), Chokyu (1040-), Kantoku (1044-), Eisho (1046-), Tengi (1053-), Kohei (1058-), Jiryaku (1065-), Enkyu (1069-), Joho (1074-), Joryaku (1077-), Eiho (1081-), Ohtoku (1084-), Kanji ( 1087-), Kaho (1094-), Eicho (1096-), Jotoku (1097-), Kowa (1099-), Choji (1104-), Kasho (1106-), Tenjin (1108-), Ten-ei (1110-), Eikyu (1113-),Gen-ei (1118-), Hoan (1120-), Tenji (1124-), Daiji (1126-), Tensho (1131-), Chosho (1132-), Hoen (1135-), Eiji (1141-), Koji (1142-), Tenyo (1144-), Kyuan (1145-), Ninpyo (1151-), Kyuju (1154-), Hogen (1156-),Heiji (1159-),Eiryaku (1160-), Oh-ho (1161-), Chokan (1163-), Eiman (1165-), Jin-an (1166-), Ka-oh (1169¬), Joan (1171-), Angen (1175-), Jisho (1177-), Yowa (1181-), Juei (1182-), Genryaku (1184-).
     −
*The Kamakura period  
+
**mid-late Heian period
 +
Eien (987-), Eiso (989-), Shoryaku (990-), Chotoku (995-), Choho (999-),
 +
Kanko (1004-), Chowa (1012-), Kannin (1017-), Jian (1021-), Manju (1024-),
 +
Chogen (1028-), Choryaku (1037-), Chokyu (1040-), Kantoku (1044-),
 +
Eisho (1046-), Tengi (1053-), Kohei (1058-), Jiryaku (1065-), Enkyu (1069-),
 +
Joho (1074-), Joryaku (1077-), Eiho (1081-), Ohtoku (1084-), Kanji ( 1087-),
 +
Kaho (1094-), Eicho (1096-), Jotoku (1097-), Kowa (1099-), Choji (1104-),
 +
Kasho (1106-), Tenjin (1108-), Ten-ei (1110-), Eikyu (1113-),Gen-ei (1118-),
 +
Hoan (1120-), Tenji (1124-), Daiji (1126-), Tensho (1131-), Chosho (1132-),
 +
Hoen (1135-), Eiji (1141-), Koji (1142-), Tenyo (1144-), Kyuan (1145-),
 +
Ninpyo (1151-), Kyuju (1154-), Hogen (1156-),Heiji (1159-),Eiryaku (1160-),
 +
Oh-ho (1161-), Chokan (1163-), Eiman (1165-), Jin-an (1166-), Ka-oh (1169¬),
 +
Joan (1171-), Angen (1175-), Jisho (1177-), Yowa (1181-), Juei (1182-),
 +
Genryaku (1184-).
 +
 
 +
**The Kamakura period  
 
From the 1st of the Bunji era;
 
From the 1st of the Bunji era;
−
Bunji (1185-), Kenkyu (1190-), Shoji (1199-),Kennin (1201-) Ken-ei (1206-), Jogen (1207-), Kenryaku (1211-), Kenpo (1219-), Jo-oh (1222-), Gennin (1224-), Karoku (1225-), Kangi (1229-), Joei (1232-), Tenpuku (1233-), Bunryaku (1235-), Ryakunin (1238-), En-oh (1239-), Ninji (1240-),Genkyu (1204-), (1213-), Jokyu Antei (1227-), (1234-), Katei Kangen (1243-),
+
Bunji (1185-), Kenkyu (1190-), Shoji (1199-),Kennin (1201-) Ken-ei (1206-),  
−
Hoji (1247-), Kencho (1297-), Kogen (1256-), Shoka (1257-), Shogen (1259-),
+
Jogen (1207-), Kenryaku (1211-), Kenpo (1219-), Jo-oh (1222-), Gennin (1224-)
−
Bun-oh (1260-), Kocho (1261-), Bun-ei (1264-), Kenji (1275-), Koan (1278-),
+
,Karoku (1225-), Kangi (1229-), Joei (1232-), Tenpuku (1233-), Bunryaku (1235-)
−
Sho-oh (1288-), Einin (1293-), Shoan (1299-),Kengen (1302-),Kagen (1303-),
+
, Ryakunin (1238-), En-oh (1239-), Ninji (1240-),Genkyu (1204-), (1213-),  
−
Tokuji (1306-), Engyo (1308-), Ohcho (1311-), Showa (1312-), Bunpo (1317-),
+
Jokyu Antei (1227-), (1234-), Katei Kangen (1243-),Hoji (1247-),  
−
Gen-oh 1319-), Genko (1321-), Shochu (1324-), Karyaku (1326-), Gentoku
+
Kencho (1297-), Kogen (1256-), Shoka (1257-), Shogen (1259-),
−
(1329-), Genko (1331-).
+
Bun-oh (1260-), Kocho (1261-), Bun-ei (1264-), Kenji (1275-), Koan (1278-),
 +
Sho-oh (1288-), Einin (1293-), Shoan (1299-),Kengen (1302-),Kagen (1303-),
 +
Tokuji (1306-), Engyo (1308-), Ohcho (1311-), Showa (1312-), Bunpo (1317-),
 +
Gen-oh 1319-), Genko (1321-),Shochu (1324-), Karyaku (1326-),  
 +
Gentoku (1329-), Genko (1331-).
   −
*The Nambokucho  period
+
**The Nambokucho  period
 
From the 3rd of the Genko era (1333);
 
From the 3rd of the Genko era (1333);
−
[The Nancho (The south imperial court) era]
  −
Genko (1331-), Kenmu (1334-), Engen (1336-),Kokoku (1340-),Shohei (1346-), Kentoku (1370-), Bunchu (1372-), Tenju (1375-), Kowa (1381-),Genchu (1384-)
  −
[The Hokucho (The north imperial court) era]
  −
Shogyo (1332-), Kenmu (1334-), Ryaku-oh (1338-), Koei (1342-), Jowa (1345-), Kan-oh (1350-), Bunwa (1352-), Enbun (1356-), Koan (1361-), Joji (1362-), Oh-an (1368-), Eiwa (1375-), Koryaku (1379-), Eitoku (1381-), Shitoku (1384-), Kakyo (1387-), Ko-oh (1389-), Meitoku (1390-).
     −
*The  Muromachi  period  
+
***The Nancho (The south imperial court) era
 +
Genko (1331-), Kenmu (1334-), Engen (1336-),Kokoku (1340-),Shohei (1346-),
 +
Kentoku (1370-), Bunchu (1372-), Tenju (1375-), Kowa (1381-),Genchu (1384-)
 +
 
 +
***The Hokucho (The north imperial court) era
 +
Shogyo (1332-), Kenmu (1334-), Ryaku-oh (1338-), Koei (1342-), Jowa (1345-),
 +
Kan-oh (1350-), Bunwa (1352-), Enbun (1356-), Koan (1361-), Joji (1362-),
 +
Oh-an (1368-), Eiwa (1375-), Koryaku (1379-), Eitoku (1381-), Shitoku (1384-)
 +
,Kakyo (1387-), Ko-oh (1389-), Meitoku (1390-).
 +
 
 +
**The  Muromachi  period  
 
From the 9th of the Genchu era;
 
From the 9th of the Genchu era;
−
Genchu (1392-), Oh-ei (1394-), Shocho (1428-), Eikyo (1429-), Kakitsu (1441-), Bun-an (1444-), Hotoku (1449-), Kyotoku (1452-), Kosho (1455-), Choroku (1457-), Kansho (1460-), Bunsho (1466-), Ohnin (1467-), Bunmei (1469-), Chokyo (1487-), Entoku (1489-), Meio (1492-), Bunki (1501-), Eisho (1504-), Daiei (1521-), Kyoroku (1528-),Tenbun (1532-),Koji (1555-), Eiroku (1558-), Genki (1570-).
+
Genchu (1392-), Oh-ei (1394-), Shocho (1428-), Eikyo (1429-), Kakitsu (1441-), Bun-an (1444-), Hotoku (1449-), Kyotoku (1452-), Kosho (1455-), Choroku (1457-), Kansho (1460-), Bunsho (1466-), Ohnin (1467-), Bunmei (1469-), Chokyo (1487-), Entoku (1489-), Meio (1492-),
 +
Bunki (1501-), Eisho (1504-), Daiei (1521-), Kyoroku (1528-),Tenbun (1532-),
 +
Koji (1555-), Eiroku (1558-), Genki (1570-).
   −
*The Azuchi Momoyama  period
+
**The Azuchi Momoyama  period
−
From the 1st of the Tensho era (1573); Tensho (1573-), Bunroku (1592-),Keicho (1596-).
+
From the 1st of the Tensho era (1573); Tensho (1573-), Bunroku (1592-),
 +
Keicho (1596-).
    
*The Shinto Times
 
*The Shinto Times
   −
The Edo period  
+
**The early-mid Edo period  
 
From the 5th of the Keicho era (1600);
 
From the 5th of the Keicho era (1600);
 
Genna (1615-), Shoho (1644-), Keian (1648-), Jo-oh (1652-),Meireki Manji (1658-), Kanbun (1661-), Enpo (1673-), Tenna (1681-), Jokyo Gentoku (1688-), Hoei (1704-), Shotoku (1711-), Kyoho (1716-) (1736-), Kanpo .(1741-), Enkyo (1744-), Kan-en (1748-), Horeki Meiwa (1763-), An-ei (1772-),
 
Genna (1615-), Shoho (1644-), Keian (1648-), Jo-oh (1652-),Meireki Manji (1658-), Kanbun (1661-), Enpo (1673-), Tenna (1681-), Jokyo Gentoku (1688-), Hoei (1704-), Shotoku (1711-), Kyoho (1716-) (1736-), Kanpo .(1741-), Enkyo (1744-), Kan-en (1748-), Horeki Meiwa (1763-), An-ei (1772-),
   −
*The Shinshinto Times (1655-), (1684-), , Genbun (1751-),Tenmei (1781-), Kansei (1818-), Tenpo (1830-), (1860-), Bunkyu (1861-),The Meiji era  Meiji (1868-), (1789-), Kyowa (1801-), Bunka (1804-), Koka (1844-), Kaei (1848-), Ansei (1854-), Genji (1864-), Keio (1865-). Bunsei Man-en
+
*The Shinshinto Times
 +
** The mid-late Edo period
 +
(1655-), (1684-), , Genbun (1751-),Tenmei (1781-), Kansei (1818-), Tenpo (1830-), (1860-), Bunkyu (1861-),The Meiji era  Meiji (1868-), (1789-), Kyowa (1801-), Bunka (1804-), Koka (1844-), Kaei (1848-), Ansei (1854-), Genji (1864-), Keio (1865-). Bunsei Man-en
    
*The Gendaito times
 
*The Gendaito times
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