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When the Portuguese first came to China in the early 16th century, they caused considerable trouble, and were expelled. After helping to expel pirates from the south China coast, however, in [[1557]] they were permitted to return and to engage in trade, but were restricted to the city of Macao, on a small peninsula walled off in [[1574]] from direct access to the Chinese mainland.<ref name=tignor471>Robert Tignor, [[Benjamin Elman]], et al, ''Worlds Together, Worlds Apart'', vol B, Fourth Edition, W.W. Norton & Co (2014), 471.</ref>

When the Portuguese first came to China in the early 16th century, they caused considerable trouble, and were expelled. After helping to expel pirates from the south China coast, however, in [[1557]] they were permitted to return and to engage in trade, but were restricted to the city of Macao, on a small peninsula walled off in [[1574]] from direct access to the Chinese mainland.<ref name=tignor471>Robert Tignor, [[Benjamin Elman]], et al, ''Worlds Together, Worlds Apart'', vol B, Fourth Edition, W.W. Norton & Co (2014), 471.</ref>

Macao quickly grew into a major Portuguese base of operations in the region, and trading port, along with [[Goa]] and [[Nagasaki]]. By [[1562]], only five years after the first Portuguese arrival, there were already as many as 1,000 Portuguese living in or operating out of Macao. Other residents included Africans, Indians, and Melakans.<ref name=tignor471/> Trade routes were established between Nagasaki and [[Malacca]] by way of Macao by [[1570]], and in the early 17th century, beginning in [[1614]] and continuing in the 1630s, many Japanese Christians fled to Macao as the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] began to enforce bans on Christianity. Some Japanese may have even played a part in the construction of Macao's iconic St. Paul's Church.<ref name=gunn>Geoffrey Gunn, ''History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800'', Hong Kong University Press (2011), 231.</ref> Despite being denied direct overland access to Chinese domestic markets, the Portuguese at Macao played an active and lucrative role in the regional and worldwide trade in Chinese [[porcelain]]s and [[silk]]s, and for a brief time dominated the trade in Japanese [[silver]].<ref name=tignor471/>

Macao quickly grew into a major Portuguese base of operations in the region, and trading port, along with [[Goa]] and [[Nagasaki]]. Since the Ming would not allow Western women to live in Canton, a great many traders (supercargoes) settled in Macao with their wives and daughters.<ref>Gallery label, "View of Macao," Peabody-Essex Museum.[https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/26035404684/in/photostream/]</ref> By [[1562]], only five years after the first Portuguese arrival, there were already as many as 1,000 Portuguese living in or operating out of Macao. Other residents included Africans, Indians, and Melakans.<ref name=tignor471/> Trade routes were established between Nagasaki and [[Malacca]] by way of Macao by [[1570]], and in the early 17th century, beginning in [[1614]] and continuing in the 1630s, many Japanese Christians fled to Macao as the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] began to enforce bans on Christianity. Some Japanese may have even played a part in the construction of Macao's iconic St. Paul's Church.<ref name=gunn>Geoffrey Gunn, ''History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800'', Hong Kong University Press (2011), 231.</ref> Despite being denied direct overland access to Chinese domestic markets, the Portuguese at Macao played an active and lucrative role in the regional and worldwide trade in Chinese [[porcelain]]s and [[silk]]s, and for a brief time dominated the trade in Japanese [[silver]].<ref name=tignor471/>

Following an incident in [[1609]] involving the unruly crew of a ship belonging to [[Arima Harunobu]], the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] declared a ban on Japanese travel to Macao, which essentially amounted to the shogunate disavowing any responsibility for, or protection of, Japanese who traveled there.<ref name=gunn/>

Following an incident in [[1609]] involving the unruly crew of a ship belonging to [[Arima Harunobu]], the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] declared a ban on Japanese travel to Macao, which essentially amounted to the shogunate disavowing any responsibility for, or protection of, Japanese who traveled there.<ref name=gunn/>