Changes

While the rest of the crew were held in detention by the local ''daimyô'', [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], then the chief ''[[tairo|tairô]]'' (senior counsellor), brought Adams to [[Osaka]] as the crew's representative. He had an interview with Ieyasu on May 12<ref>Adams gave this date in a letter to his wife. It is not clear if he was using the Gregorian or the Julian calendar. It seems most likely that as he came on a Dutch ship he would be using the calendar of the log of that ship, presumably the Gregorian one (see http://webexhibits.org/calendars/year-countries.html). This would mean the date he he saw Ieyasu was 1600/3/29 (Japanese calendar). However, England was still using the Julian calendar. If Adams as an Englishman used the Julian calendar, he would have met Ieyasu on 1600/4/10.</ref> and apparently favorably impressed him. Ieyasu united the archipelago under his rule following the [[battle of Sekigahara]], which took place on 9/15, and later took Adams into his service, along with [[Jan Joosten|Jan Joosten van Lodensteiyn]]; a few of the other survivors were similarly granted fiefs or posts by Ieyasu, or by regional ''daimyô''.

While the rest of the crew were held in detention by the local ''daimyô'', [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]], then the chief ''[[tairo|tairô]]'' (senior counsellor), brought Adams to [[Osaka]] as the crew's representative. He had an interview with Ieyasu on May 12<ref>Adams gave this date in a letter to his wife. It is not clear if he was using the Gregorian or the Julian calendar. It seems most likely that as he came on a Dutch ship he would be using the calendar of the log of that ship, presumably the Gregorian one (see http://webexhibits.org/calendars/year-countries.html). This would mean the date he he saw Ieyasu was 1600/3/29 (Japanese calendar). However, England was still using the Julian calendar. If Adams as an Englishman used the Julian calendar, he would have met Ieyasu on 1600/4/10.</ref> and apparently favorably impressed him. Ieyasu united the archipelago under his rule following the [[battle of Sekigahara]], which took place on 9/15, and later took Adams into his service, along with [[Jan Joosten|Jan Joosten van Lodensteiyn]]; a few of the other survivors were similarly granted fiefs or posts by Ieyasu, or by regional ''daimyô''.

Adams served Ieyasu in a number of fields, even building him an 8-ton European-style boat (the ''[[San Buena Ventura]]''). He also served as interpreter; tutor in geography, geometry, and navigation; shipwright; commercial agent; and as foreign relations advisor. In the latter capacity, he played a role of no small importance in shaping the position of the ''bakufu'' towards Spain, Portugal and the [[Catholic Church]].

Adams served Ieyasu in a number of fields, even building him an 8-ton European-style boat (the ''[[San Buena Ventura]]''). He also served as interpreter; tutor in geography, geometry, and navigation; shipwright; commercial agent; and as foreign relations advisor. Both in his advisory capacity, and as intermediary or interpreter in shogunate negotiations with the Spanish Philippines and Dutch Company, he played a role of no small importance in shaping the position of the ''bakufu'' towards Spain, Portugal and the [[Catholic Church]].

Adams dreamed of returning to England, but the government would not let him. He was named a ''[[hatamoto]]'' in [[1605]] and was given land in the Miura Henmi (三浦逸見) district of [[Sagami province]] (near the mouth of [[Edo Bay]]), along with 80 servants,<ref>Gonnami, Tsuneharu. "[https://circle-prod.library.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/21181/Images_of_foreigners.pdf?sequence=1 Images of Foreigners in Edo Period Maps and Prints]." Unpublished manuscript. Presentation at symposium "Edo: Past & Present," University of British Columbia, April 1998. p7.</ref> along with the name Miura Anjin (三浦按針), ''anjin'' meaning "pilot." His fief was rated at roughly 250 ''[[koku]]'', and [[Richard Cocks]] wrote that it included some one hundred farms. Adams was also given a mansion in [[Edo]], in a neighborhood which quickly came to be known as Anjin-chô ("Anjin Town" or "The Pilot's Neighborhood"). Though Adams was married to an Englishwoman, he also married a Japanese woman around [[1605]]. According to [[Meiji period]] sources, her name may have been Oyuki, and she may have been the daughter of Magome Kageyû, headman of the Nihonmachi Otenmachô [[post-station]]. [[Mukai Masatsuna]], Ieyasu's chief naval advisor, is said to have been the go-between (''nakodo'') for the marriage. London Merchant's Company documents give her sister's name as Magdalena, and Magdalena's husband as Andreas, strongly suggesting that both were Catholic converts. If Oyuki was Christian, too, she would surely have also been Catholic; though this would have been a sure source of tension between her and the Protestant Adams - who decidedly saw the Catholic Spanish & Portuguese as his enemies - the couple seem to have gotten along well enough, and to have maintained their relationship for many years. Adams later came to maintain a concubine in [[Hirado]] as well, however.  

Adams was named a ''[[hatamoto]]'' in [[1605]] and was given land in the Miura Henmi (三浦逸見) district of [[Sagami province]] (near the mouth of [[Edo Bay]]), along with 80 servants,<ref>Gonnami, Tsuneharu. "[https://circle-prod.library.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/21181/Images_of_foreigners.pdf?sequence=1 Images of Foreigners in Edo Period Maps and Prints]." Unpublished manuscript. Presentation at symposium "Edo: Past & Present," University of British Columbia, April 1998. p7.</ref> along with the name Miura Anjin (三浦按針), ''anjin'' meaning "pilot." His fief was rated at roughly 250 ''[[koku]]'', and [[Richard Cocks]] wrote that it included some one hundred farms. Adams was also given a mansion in [[Edo]], in a neighborhood which quickly came to be known as Anjin-chô ("Anjin Town" or "The Pilot's Neighborhood"). Though Adams was married to an Englishwoman, he also married a Japanese woman around [[1605]]. According to [[Meiji period]] sources, her name may have been Oyuki, and she may have been the daughter of Magome Kageyû, headman of the Nihonmachi Otenmachô [[post-station]]. English sources refer to her only as "Adams' wife" or "Mrs. Adams," and do not give her name. [[Mukai Masatsuna]], Ieyasu's chief naval advisor, is said to have been the go-between (''nakodo'') for the marriage. London Merchant's Company documents give her sister's name as Magdalena, and Magdalena's husband as Andreas, strongly suggesting that both were Catholic converts. If Oyuki was Christian, too, she would surely have also been Catholic; though this would have been a sure source of tension between her and the Protestant Adams - who decidedly saw the Catholic Spanish & Portuguese as his enemies - the couple seem to have gotten along quite well though; sources suggest he was genuinely fond of her, and that he enjoyed showing off his Japanese family to English and Dutch guests. Adams had good relationships with his in-laws as well; his father-in-law worked for him as a commercial agent for some time, and his sister-in-law Magdalena, along with her husband Andreas, seem to have been involved in Adams' commercial ventures in some fashion as well.

Adams was granted a [[shuinsen|red seal trading license]] by the shogunate, and traveled to [[Ayutthaya]] (Siam) on several occasions in [[1615]]-[[1616]], aboard his ship the ''[[Sea Adventure]]'',<ref>Geoffrey Gunn, ''History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800'', Hong Kong University Press (2011), 223.</ref> as well as to [[Hoi An]] (in Vietnam) in [[1617]]. Cocks, the first head of the [[EIC|London Merchant's Company's]] operations in Japan, visited Adams at Henmi in [[1616]],

Adams had two children with his Japanese wife, Joseph and Susanna. The years of their births, and hence their ages, are not known, and it is also unclear whether either child spoke English, or if they were raised speaking only Japanese. Still, Richard Cocks seems to have been quite fond of them, and continued to communicate and exchange gifts with them after Adams' death.

He died of illness in Hirado in [[Hizen province]], where the Dutch, English, and Portuguese all maintained bases, in [[1620]]. There is a grave in Henmi (now [[Yokosuka]] City), called "Anjin-zuka" and said to be his. Following Adams' death, his son continued to trade for a time under the name "Miura Anjin," employing his father's red seal license.<ref>[[Marius Jansen]], ''China in the Tokugawa World'', Harvard University Press (1992), 19.</ref>

In addition to this close family, however, Adams also kept a concubine at [[Hirado]]. In [[1621]], after Adams' death, she brought her child to Cocks, though with what intentions is unclear. He offered to pay for the child's schooling, provided the child would later be given over into the protection of England, but the mother refused. Some years later, a record shows, Cocks sent money to help pay for the child's coat.

 

In [[1612]], he requested from the shogunate permission to return home to England, but was rebuffed, as Ieyasu still thought him too useful. The following year, members of the London Merchant's Company (i.e. the [[British East India Company]]) arrived in Japan for the first time, and because of his position, Adams was able to secure rather liberal trading rights for them. Later that year, he was granted permission to return to England, but decided to stay, perhaps because of a renewed interest in the amount of wealth he might be able to amass through trade.

 

Adams was granted a [[shuinsen|red seal trading license]] by the shogunate, and traveled to [[Ayutthaya]] (Siam) on several occasions in [[1615]]-[[1616]], aboard his ship the ''[[Sea Adventure]]'',<ref>Geoffrey Gunn, ''History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800'', Hong Kong University Press (2011), 223.</ref> as well as to [[Hoi An]] (in Vietnam) in [[1617]], and [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû]] on at least one occasion. Cocks, the first head of the London Merchant's Company's operations in Japan, visited Adams at Henmi in [[1616]].

 

He died of illness in [[1620]], in Hirado. There is a grave in Henmi (now [[Yokosuka]] City), called "Anjin-zuka" and said to be his, though it also may be that of his son Joseph; in either case, the neighboring grave is believed to be that of his wife, Oyuki. Following Adams' death, Joseph inherited his red seal license, his fief, and the name "Miura Anjin," and continued to trade for a time under that name and license.<ref>[[Marius Jansen]], ''China in the Tokugawa World'', Harvard University Press (1992), 19.</ref> In [[1633]], Miura (Joseph) was to be only one of seven families to still hold a ''shuin'' license.

There is a marker on the site of his [[Edo]] (now Tokyo) mansion; the address is Chûô-ku, Nihonbashi Muromachi 1-10-8. Until the beginning of the Shôwa Period (1926-1989) the area was called "Anjin-chô"; there is still an "Anjin-dôri" ("Anjin Street") there. There is also an annual festival in his honor, held in Itô, [[Shizuoka Prefecture]], called ''Anjin Matsuri''.

There is a marker on the site of his [[Edo]] (now Tokyo) mansion; the address is Chûô-ku, Nihonbashi Muromachi 1-10-8. Until the beginning of the Shôwa Period (1926-1989) the area was called "Anjin-chô"; there is still an "Anjin-dôri" ("Anjin Street") there. There is also an annual festival in his honor, held in Itô, [[Shizuoka Prefecture]], called ''Anjin Matsuri''.