Changes

[[William Adams|Will Adams]], an Englishman who arrived in Japan in 1600, referred to Ieyasu, who became the first Tokugawa [[shogun]] in 1603, as "king" in a 1611 letter to his wife, and as "emperor" in a pamphlet of the same date.  "Emperor" in Europe referred to someone who ruled over kings, so in the latter he was clearly indicating that Ieyasu ruled over all the various "kings" that Europeans knew existed in Japan.  The Englishmen who arrived in England with the East-India Company in 1613, also referred to the then retired shogun Ieyasu and the shogun [[Tokugawa Hidetada|Hidetada]]  as "emperor," both in public and private,  so using this term for the shogun seems to really have taken hold among the English, and this use presumably was taken over by the Dutch.  

[[William Adams|Will Adams]], an Englishman who arrived in Japan in 1600, referred to Ieyasu, who became the first Tokugawa [[shogun]] in 1603, as "king" in a 1611 letter to his wife, and as "emperor" in a pamphlet of the same date.  "Emperor" in Europe referred to someone who ruled over kings, so in the latter he was clearly indicating that Ieyasu ruled over all the various "kings" that Europeans knew existed in Japan.  The Englishmen who arrived in England with the East-India Company in 1613, also referred to the then retired shogun Ieyasu and the shogun [[Tokugawa Hidetada|Hidetada]]  as "emperor," both in public and private,  so using this term for the shogun seems to really have taken hold among the English, and this use presumably was taken over by the Dutch.  

In 1616 [[Richard Cocks]] mentioned the "dairi," and [[Kaempfer]], who came to the Dutch settlement in 1690, referred to the tennô as the "Ecclesiastical Hereditary Monarchs," so it seems the English and Dutch never used "emperor" for the tennô.  

In 1616 [[Richard Cocks]] mentioned the "dairi," and [[Kaempfer]], who came to the Dutch settlement in 1690, referred to the tennô as the "Ecclesiastical Hereditary Emperor," but his "emperor" (as in "Embassy to the Emperor's court") usually referred to the shogun.

One sometimes comes across statements to the effect that during the Edo period the secretive Japanese told the Dutch that the shogun was the emperor, hiding the existence of the real emperor, but such statements are made in ignorance of early Japanese-European contact. It is clear that the Europeans, though they knew all about the tennô, chose "emperor" as the word most suitable to describe the shogun.

One sometimes comes across statements to the effect that during the Edo period the secretive Japanese told the Dutch that the shogun was the emperor, hiding the existence of the real emperor, but such statements are made in unawareness of early Japanese-European contact. It is clear that the Europeans, though they knew all about the tennô, chose "emperor" as the word most suitable to describe the shogun.

Reference: [[They Came to Japan]]

Reference: [[They Came to Japan]]