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→Timeline of Missions
* 1633 - A mission led by [[Du Sanjun]]<!--杜三策, Du Sance?--> invests King [[Sho Ho|Shô Hô]]. This is the first investiture mission since the 1609 invasion, and the last sent by the Ming Dynasty.<ref>Miyagi Eishô 宮城栄昌, ''Ryûkyû shisha no Edo nobori'' 琉球使者の江戸上り, Tokyo: Daiichi Shobô (1982), 24.</ref>
* 1633 - A mission led by [[Du Sanjun]]<!--杜三策, Du Sance?--> invests King [[Sho Ho|Shô Hô]]. This is the first investiture mission since the 1609 invasion, and the last sent by the Ming Dynasty.<ref>Miyagi Eishô 宮城栄昌, ''Ryûkyû shisha no Edo nobori'' 琉球使者の江戸上り, Tokyo: Daiichi Shobô (1982), 24.</ref>
* 1654 - A mission led by Zhang Xueli and Wang Gai is organized, to travel to Ryûkyû, to discuss Ryûkyû's position under Qing authority; the mission does not make it to Ryûkyû, however, being blocked by Ming loyalists.
* 1654 - A mission led by Zhang Xueli<!--張學禮--> and Wang Gai is organized, to travel to Ryûkyû, to discuss Ryûkyû's position under Qing authority; the mission does not make it to Ryûkyû, however, being blocked by Ming loyalists.
* 1663 - Zhang Xueli and Wang Gai lead the first investiture mission sent by the Qing Court, re-establishing the tradition after the fall of the Ming Dynasty. [[Sho Shitsu|Shô Shitsu]] is invested as king.
* 1663 - Zhang Xueli and Wang Gai lead the first investiture mission sent by the Qing Court, re-establishing the tradition after the fall of the Ming Dynasty. [[Sho Shitsu|Shô Shitsu]] is invested as king.
* 1683 - [[Sho Tei|Shô Tei]] is invested as king. [[Wang Ji]] (1636-1699) leads the mission.
* 1683 - [[Sho Tei|Shô Tei]] is invested as king. [[Wang Ji]]<!--汪楫--> (1636-1699) leads the mission.
* 1719/9/9 - ''Kumi odori'', a new form of dance-drama, created by [[Tamagusuku Chokun|Tamagusuku Chôkun]] for the entertainment of the Chinese envoys, is first performed for the envoys for the investiture of King [[Sho Kei|Shô Kei]]<ref name=kumi/>. Two of the plays performed were ''[[Nido Tichiuchi|Nidô Tichiuchi]]'' and ''[[Koko no maki|Kôkô no maki]]'', a tale of King [[Gihon]].
* 1719/9/9 - ''Kumi odori'', a new form of dance-drama, created by [[Tamagusuku Chokun|Tamagusuku Chôkun]] for the entertainment of the Chinese envoys, is first performed for the envoys for the investiture of King [[Sho Kei|Shô Kei]]<ref name=kumi/>. Two of the plays performed were ''[[Nido Tichiuchi|Nidô Tichiuchi]]'' and ''[[Koko no maki|Kôkô no maki]]'', a tale of King [[Gihon]].
:A dispute breaks out between the Chinese party, led by [[Hai Bao]] and [[Xu Baoguang]], and the Ryukyuan officials, led by [[Sai On]] and [[Tei Junsoku]]. The kingdom had gathered only 500 ''kan'' of silver to purchase goods brought from China for trade, but the mission unexpectedly brought 2,000 ''kan'' worth of goods, including jades, spices, porcelains, clocks, antiques, and scrolls of calligraphy and painting by famous artists of the Song, Ming, and Qing dynasties. In the end, Sai On negotiated a settlement, paying 600 ''kan'' for all of the goods<ref name=chen/>. This occurred in part because the 1719 mission included 600 additional people, including cartographers who set out to map the archipelago;<ref name=schott46/> the extra people brought extra goods to trade, and when they were unable to sell everything they had brought, the entire mission arranged to stay in Ryûkyû an extra three and a half months, imposing even greater financial strain upon the kingdom.<ref name=chen/>
:A dispute breaks out between the Chinese party, led by [[Hai Bao]]<!--海寶--> and [[Xu Baoguang]], and the Ryukyuan officials, led by [[Sai On]] and [[Tei Junsoku]]. The kingdom had gathered only 500 ''kan'' of silver to purchase goods brought from China for trade, but the mission unexpectedly brought 2,000 ''kan'' worth of goods, including jades, spices, porcelains, clocks, antiques, and scrolls of calligraphy and painting by famous artists of the Song, Ming, and Qing dynasties. In the end, Sai On negotiated a settlement, paying 600 ''kan'' for all of the goods<ref name=chen/>. This occurred in part because the 1719 mission included 600 additional people, including cartographers who set out to map the archipelago;<ref name=schott46/> the extra people brought extra goods to trade, and when they were unable to sell everything they had brought, the entire mission arranged to stay in Ryûkyû an extra three and a half months, imposing even greater financial strain upon the kingdom.<ref name=chen/>
* 1756-1757 - [[Quan Kui]] and [[Zhou Huang]] (d. 1785) lead the mission for the investiture of King [[Sho Boku|Shô Boku]], as Senior Envoy and Deputy Envoy respectively. During his time in Shuri, Chou Huang compiles the ''[[Ryukyu-koku shiryaku|Ryûkyû-koku shiryaku]]'', an account of Ryukyuan history and customs based on the records and reports of earlier Chinese envoys, Ryukyuan records, and Chou's own observations<ref>Hirata, Tsugumasa (trans.). Chou, Huang. ''Ryûkyû-koku shiryaku''. Tokyo: San-ichi Shobô, 1977. pp1-2.</ref>.
* 1756-1757 - [[Quan Kui]] and [[Zhou Huang]] (d. 1785) lead the mission for the investiture of King [[Sho Boku|Shô Boku]], as Senior Envoy and Deputy Envoy respectively. During his time in Shuri, Chou Huang compiles the ''[[Ryukyu-koku shiryaku|Ryûkyû-koku shiryaku]]'', an account of Ryukyuan history and customs based on the records and reports of earlier Chinese envoys, Ryukyuan records, and Chou's own observations<ref>Hirata, Tsugumasa (trans.). Chou, Huang. ''Ryûkyû-koku shiryaku''. Tokyo: San-ichi Shobô, 1977. pp1-2.</ref>.
:Quarrels started by some members of the embassy, and excessive forcefulness in attempts to force trade, lead to the execution, beating, and banishment of several members of the embassy, and the stripping of Chou Huang of his title (though not his post). A gift of 50,000 ounces of silver by the king, in compensation for the losses in the shipwreck, is returned by order of the [[Qianlong Emperor]]<ref name=chen/>.
:Quarrels started by some members of the embassy, and excessive forcefulness in attempts to force trade, lead to the execution, beating, and banishment of several members of the embassy, and the stripping of Chou Huang of his title (though not his post). A gift of 50,000 ounces of silver by the king, in compensation for the losses in the shipwreck, is returned by order of the [[Qianlong Emperor]]<ref name=chen/>.
* 1800 - The investiture mission is led by [[Zhao Wenkai]]<!--趙文楷--> and [[Li Dingyuan]] and is held during a period of national mourning following the death of the Qianlong Emperor. The seven banquets traditionally held for the envoys are skipped, private trade is discouraged by the lead envoys, and an offer by the king of 10,000 ounces of silver in gratitude is declined by the envoys<ref name=chen/>. Ryukyuan officials surprise Li with gifts on the occasion of his mother's birthday.<ref>[[Gregory Smits]], presentation at "[http://www.hawaii.edu/asiaref/japan/event2013/Index.htm#symposium Interpreting Parades and Processions of Edo Japan]" symposium, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 11 Feb 2013.</ref> In light of the events of the previous two missions, extra precautions are taken to discourage or prevent disputes or disturbances.<ref name=chen/>
* 1800 - The investiture mission is led by [[Zhao Wenkai]]<!--趙文楷--> and [[Li Dingyuan]]<!--李鼎元, jinshi 1778--> and is held during a period of national mourning following the death of the Qianlong Emperor. The seven banquets traditionally held for the envoys are skipped, private trade is discouraged by the lead envoys, and an offer by the king of 10,000 ounces of silver in gratitude is declined by the envoys<ref name=chen/>. Ryukyuan officials surprise Li with gifts on the occasion of his mother's birthday.<ref>[[Gregory Smits]], presentation at "[http://www.hawaii.edu/asiaref/japan/event2013/Index.htm#symposium Interpreting Parades and Processions of Edo Japan]" symposium, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 11 Feb 2013.</ref> In light of the events of the previous two missions, extra precautions are taken to discourage or prevent disputes or disturbances.<ref name=chen/>
:On the return from Ryukyu, the mission is attacked by pirates, and endures a great storm. They survive, and return to China safely, but Zhao is said to have been significantly weakened by the harrowing experience; he died four years later.<ref name=chen/>
:On the return from Ryukyu, the mission is attacked by pirates, and endures a great storm. They survive, and return to China safely, but Zhao is said to have been significantly weakened by the harrowing experience; he died four years later.<ref name=chen/>
* 1808 - A mission is sent.
* 1808 - The mission is led by Zhao Wenkai.
* 1836 - The [[Daoguang Emperor]] issues an edict explicitly forbidding any members of the embassy to bring goods to Ryûkyû with the intent of engaging in trade.
* 1836 - The [[Daoguang Emperor]] issues an edict explicitly forbidding any members of the embassy to bring goods to Ryûkyû with the intent of engaging in trade.
* 1838 - The mission is led by [[Lin Hongnian]] and [[Gao Renjian]].
* 1838 - The mission is led by [[Lin Hongnian]]<!--林鴻年, d. 1885--> and [[Gao Renjian]]<!--高人鑑, jinshi 1832-->.
* 1866 - Final investiture envoys, led by [[Zhao Xin]], arrive for the investiture of Shô Tai<ref name=kerr352/>.
* 1866 - Final investiture envoys, led by [[Zhao Xin]]<!--趙新, jinshi 1852-->, arrive for the investiture of Shô Tai<ref name=kerr352/>.
==References==
==References==