Changes

[[Ben-Ami Shillony]] has pointed out that at the time, the terms ''fukko'' (lit. "return to the old") and ''chûkô'' (revival, resurgence) were used to refer to the restoration of Imperial power, while ''ishin'' (or ''isshin'', as it was often rendered at that time) was used to mean innovation or reform, and was used to refer not to the restoration of Imperial power, but to the many social, cultural, and structural changes which came in its wake. Shillony thus argues that ''ishin'' today, in Japan, retains this connotation of innovation, renovation, or reform, and that "restoration" is therefore misleading.<ref>Ben-Ami Shillony, "Restoration, Emperor, Diet, Prefecture, or: How Japanese Concepts were Mistranslated into Western Languages," ''Collected Writings of Ben-Ami Shillony'', Synapse (2000), 67-69.</ref>

[[Ben-Ami Shillony]] has pointed out that at the time, the terms ''fukko'' (lit. "return to the old") and ''chûkô'' (revival, resurgence) were used to refer to the restoration of Imperial power, while ''ishin'' (or ''isshin'', as it was often rendered at that time) was used to mean innovation or reform, and was used to refer not to the restoration of Imperial power, but to the many social, cultural, and structural changes which came in its wake. Shillony thus argues that ''ishin'' today, in Japan, retains this connotation of innovation, renovation, or reform, and that "restoration" is therefore misleading.<ref>Ben-Ami Shillony, "Restoration, Emperor, Diet, Prefecture, or: How Japanese Concepts were Mistranslated into Western Languages," ''Collected Writings of Ben-Ami Shillony'', Synapse (2000), 67-69.</ref>

Scholars have also debated the nature of the nature of the events, including whether the Meiji Restoration should be considered a "revolution," and if so, how it compares to other major historical revolutions around the world. [[Thomas Smith]] has characterized the events of 1867-1868 as an "aristocratic revolution," pointing out that, unlike the American and French Revolutions, and unlike the Communist Revolutions in Russia and China, the Meiji Restoration was not led by commoners or peasants, but by samurai. This was not a reaction against oppression, or the result of a great popular push for human rights or civil liberties, but rather, members of the elite seeking to replace one samurai government with another samurai government. It was only after the dust settled and the [[Meiji government]] began to be established that decisions were made to abolish the samurai class, and the [[abolition of the han|the daimyô domains]].<ref>Thomas C. Smith, "Japan's Aristocratic Revolution," in Smith, ''Native Sources of Japanese Industrialization'', University of California Press (1988), 133-147.</ref> We must remember, too, that with the establishment of the [[kazoku|European-style peerage]], many elites remained members of a distinct elite class into 1945, and that while a [[National Diet|parliamentary system]] was put into place, the ability to vote was restricted to wealthy landowners - a group comprising roughly 1% of the population. It was not until 1925 that universal male suffrage (above age 25) was granted, and not until 1946 that women gained the right to vote.<ref>Conrad Schirokauer, David Lurie, and Suzanne Gay, ''A Brief History of Japanese Civilization'', Wadsworth Cengage (2013), 180.</ref>

Scholars have also debated the nature of the events, including whether the Meiji Restoration should be considered a "revolution," and if so, how it compares to other major historical revolutions around the world. [[Thomas Smith]] has characterized the events of 1867-1868 as an "aristocratic revolution," pointing out that, unlike the American and French Revolutions, and unlike the Communist Revolutions in Russia and China, the Meiji Restoration was not led by commoners or peasants, but by samurai. This was not a reaction against oppression, or the result of a great popular push for human rights or civil liberties, but rather, members of the elite seeking to replace one samurai government with another samurai government. It was only after the dust settled and the [[Meiji government]] began to be established that decisions were made to abolish the samurai class, and [[abolition of the han|the daimyô domains]].<ref>Thomas C. Smith, "Japan's Aristocratic Revolution," in Smith, ''Native Sources of Japanese Industrialization'', University of California Press (1988), 133-147.</ref> We must remember, too, that with the establishment of the [[kazoku|European-style peerage]], many elites remained members of a distinct elite class into 1945, and that while a [[National Diet|parliamentary system]] was put into place, the ability to vote was restricted to wealthy landowners - a group comprising roughly 1% of the population. It was not until 1925 that universal male suffrage (above age 25) was granted, and not until 1946 that women gained the right to vote.<ref>Conrad Schirokauer, David Lurie, and Suzanne Gay, ''A Brief History of Japanese Civilization'', Wadsworth Cengage (2013), 180.</ref>

==References==

==References==