Changes

*''Okinawan'': 城・グスク ''(gusuku/gushiku)''

*''Okinawan'': 城・グスク ''(gusuku/gushiku)''

==History==

==History==

Local power-holders known as ''[[anji]]'' - who might be understood as chiefs, village heads, local lords, or by a number of other descriptors - first began to emerge in the 8th to 10th centuries. Communities became more organized and began to emerge as distinctive locales, quite possibly with walls or other fortifications separating villages from wilderness, and from one another. Though today, especially in standard Japanese or in English, the term "gusuku" is used almost exclusively to refer to a specific type of fortress, placenames preserve the fact the the term originally referred to villages, and was later used to refer to a wide variety of structures, including guardtowers and warehouses, places of worship, and tombs. Today, there are over 300 places on Okinawa which are called ''gusuku''.<ref name=journey>Kitahara Shûichi. ''A Journey to the Ryukyu Gusuku'' 琉球城紀行。 Naha: Miura Creative, 2003. p19.</ref>

Local power-holders known as ''[[anji]]'' - who might be understood as chiefs, village heads, local lords, or by a number of other descriptors - first began to emerge in the 8th to 10th centuries. Communities became more organized and began to emerge as distinctive locales, building walls or other fortifications separating their villages from wilderness, and from one another. Though today, especially in standard Japanese or in English, the term "gusuku" is used almost exclusively to refer to a specific type of fortress, placenames preserve the fact that the term originally referred to villages, and was later used to refer to a wide variety of structures, including guardtowers and warehouses, places of worship, and tombs. Today, there are over 300 places on Okinawa which are called ''gusuku''.<ref name=journey>Kitahara Shûichi. ''A Journey to the Ryukyu Gusuku'' 琉球城紀行。 Naha: Miura Creative, 2003. p19.</ref>

''Gusuku'' construction took off in the 14th century as a few powerful ''anji'' emerged, seeking to expand their power, and fueling a period of armed conflict. Most of the largest and most famous fortresses, and those with the most impressive stone walls, date to this period.

''Gusuku'' construction took off in the 13th-14th centuries as a few powerful ''anji'' emerged, seeking to expand their power, and fueling a period of armed conflict. Most of the largest and most famous fortresses, and those with the most impressive stone walls, date to this period.

The island was soon divided into [[Sanzan period|three kingdoms]], known as [[Hokuzan]], [[Chuzan|Chûzan]], and [[Nanzan]].

The island was divided in for most of the 14th century into [[Sanzan period|three kingdoms]], known as [[Hokuzan]], [[Chuzan|Chûzan]], and [[Nanzan]], which were then united circa [[1419]]-[[1429]] by [[Sho Hashi|Shô Hashi]], king of Chûzan, who in so doing, united the island and established the Kingdom of Ryûkyû. ''Gusuku'' had already begun to become - as castles around the world do - not merely military fortifications, but residences for the powerful, and symbols of power, prestige, and wealth. Shô Hashi established Shuri castle as his palace, and the center of political & administrative affairs for the kingdom, while other ''gusuku'', such as [[Nakijin gusuku]], the largest on the island, had already been used by the lords (kings) of Hokuzan as a sort of palace as well.

 

Many ''gusuku'' continued to be occupied and used by ''anji'' under the Ryûkyû Kingdom, who served as local administrators. Many others, presumably, fell into disuse, however, in the 17th-19th centuries, and all suffered extensive damage in the 1945 battle of Okinawa. Some have since been named World Heritage Sites, and many more have become public parks or the like.

==Architecture and Layout==

==Architecture and Layout==

Perhaps because so many are in ruins, the aspect most strongly associated with ''gusuku'' is their long, snaking stone walls. Aside from their overall long, snaking form, a few features of ''gusuku'' walls stand out. First, the gates are essentially gaps in the stone, filled in with wooden gatehouse structures, most often simply extended across the top of the opening, with heavy doors below. Though these gatehouses were often equipped with arrow-ports and gunports (see [[firearms in Ryukyu]]), the walls themselves were not, and lacking anything on the wall for defenders to hide behind while they fired on attackers, many were quite easily cut down by gunfire in the [[1609]] [[invasion of Ryukyu|invasion of Ryûkyû]] by [[samurai]] from [[Satsuma han]], for example.

Perhaps because so many are in ruins, the aspect most strongly associated with ''gusuku'' is their long, snaking stone walls. Aside from their overall long, snaking form, a few features of ''gusuku'' walls stand out. First, the gates are essentially gaps in the stone, filled in with wooden gatehouse structures, most often simply extended across the top of the opening, with heavy doors below. Though these gatehouses were often equipped with arrow-ports and gunports (see [[firearms in Ryukyu]]), the walls themselves were not, and lacking anything on the wall for defenders to hide behind while they fired on attackers, many were quite easily cut down by gunfire in the [[1609]] [[invasion of Ryukyu|invasion of Ryûkyû]] by [[samurai]] from [[Satsuma han]], for example.<ref>Turnbull, Stephen. ''The Samurai Capture a King: Okinawa 1609''. Oxford: Osprey Press, 2009. pp25,28 ''passim''.</ref>

The walls themselves were constructed in a number of different ways, quite similar to those employed in Japanese [[Azuchi-Momoyama period|Azuchi-Momoyama]] or [[Edo period]] castles a few centuries later.

The walls themselves were constructed in a number of different ways, quite similar to those employed in Japanese [[Azuchi-Momoyama period|Azuchi-Momoyama]] or [[Edo period]] castles a few centuries later. Earlier ''gusuku'' such as [[Gushikawa gusuku]] and [[Tamagusuku gusuku]] reflect the ''Nozura-zumi''<!--野面積--> style, in which uncut rocks were simply piled. Cut, rectangular stones were used in the ''Nuno-zumi''<!--布積--> style, which can be seen at, for example, [[Itokazu gusuku]]. The ''Kikkô-midare-zumi''<!--亀甲乱れ積み--> technique, in which stones were carefully carved and fitted, was used to make the elegant curves for which some of the most famous ''gusuku'' are known.<ref name=journey/>

 

''Gusuku'' were organized in a variety of different ways, as best suited their geography, but most featured a sacred grove alongside the lord's residence in the innermost bailey, or ''unaa'' (御庭). Shuri castle, for example, is organized in a roughly concentric format, with each set of walls surrounded by another, larger, set of walls. Those entering the castle make many turns as they pass through each gate, moving further towards the center. By contrast, Nakijin castle followed a more stepped layout, with the innermost sections of the castle - the lord's residence, and a sacred grove - at the top of the hill, the path there from the outermost gates following a more or less straight path up the hill, through one gate after another.

==References==

==References==

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