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===Intercalary Months===
===Intercalary Months===
As the solar year is about 365.25 days but 12 lunar months last only about 354, each year the months start about 11 days earlier with respect to the solar calendar (the seasons) as they did the previous year. In fact, in about two years and eight months, the calendar moves a full month ahead.<ref> The Islamic calendar does not have intercalary months, so any given month changes its season year by year. There is no way of knowing the season of any month except by checking on a chart of that year.</ref> In order to keep the lunar and solar calendar from getting too far apart, as noted in the characteristics above, when the month gets a full month ahead, the month is given the same number as the preceding month, but is called an "閏 (''uruu'')" month. For example, if there are two "third months," the first is called just "third month," but the next is called the "uruu third month". In this Wiki it is referred to as "'''int. 3'''", for "intercalary 3rd month". Thus, 1599/3 was followed by 1599/int. 3, which was followed by 1599/4. This type of intercalary month, which can happen any month in the year, is a feature of the Chinese-type luni-solar calendar.
As the solar year is about 365.25 days but 12 lunar months last only about 354, each year the months start about 11 days earlier with respect to the solar calendar (the seasons) as they did the previous year. In fact, in about two years and eight months, the calendar moves a full month ahead.<ref> The Islamic calendar does not have intercalary months, so any given month changes its season year by year. There is no way of knowing the season of any month except by checking on a chart of that year.</ref> In order to keep the lunar and solar calendar from getting too far apart, as noted in the characteristics above, when a month finishes too soon, the month is given the same number as the preceding month, but is called an "閏 (''uruu'')" month. For example, if there are two "third months," the first is called just "third month," but the next is called the "uruu third month". In this Wiki it is referred to as "'''int. 3'''", for "intercalary 3rd month". Thus, 1599/3 was followed by 1599/int. 3, which was followed by 1599/4. This type of intercalary month, which can happen any month in the year, is a feature of the Chinese-type luni-solar calendar.
*Before entering the month and day, the Western date shown is that of New Year Day of the Japanese year.
*Before entering the month and day, the Western date shown is that of New Year Day of the Japanese year.
*'''For dates Tenshô 10/9/18 (Oct. 4, 1582) and before, dates are in the Julian calendar, but from the next day, Tenshô 10/9/19 (Oct. 15, 1582) the dates are the Gregorian calendar.'''
*'''For dates Tenshô 10/9/18 (Oct. 4, 1582) and before, dates are in the Julian calendar, but from the next day, Tenshô 10/9/19 (Oct. 15, 1582) the dates are the Gregorian calendar.''' This change in the western calendar means you cannot just blindly use the program; you need to know which calendar to use for your western date.<ref>Catholic countries in Europe used the Gregorian immediately; some of Holland used it soon; the English changed in 1751; and Russia in 1918. Because of the distance from Europe, the Jesuits in Japan probably heard about the change in July 1585.
To change from Gregorian into Julian, in the 16th and 17th century go back 10 days; in the 18th century, 11 days ["Give us back our eleven days" was the cry when the change was made in England]; in the 19th century, 12 days, and in the 20th and 21st century, 13 days.</ref>
*From 1873 on, the Japanese dates are the Gregorian calendar.
*From 1873 on, the Japanese dates are the Gregorian calendar.
*[[Kojien Dictionary|''Kôjien Dictionary'']]
*[[Kojien Dictionary|''Kôjien Dictionary'']]
*http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/geschichte-japans/nengo_calc.htm
*http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/geschichte-japans/nengo_calc.htm
*http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/year-countries.html
*Ôsaki Masatsugu大崎正次,"Nihon Jasokai no Kaireki"「日本耶蘇會の改暦——日本年代學への一機構として」''Chiri Rekishi''『歴史地理』Vol.70, No.4、1937.
[[Category:Resource Articles]]
[[Category:Resource Articles]]
