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===Early Fujiwara Regency===

===Early Fujiwara Regency===

Fujiwara Fusasaki's lineage grew and continued to accumulate wealth in the capital and provinces, including his son [[Fujiwara Matate]] (706-764) and grandson [[Fujiwara Uchimaro]] (756-812), who, along with another member of the Northern lineage, [[Fujiwara Sonohito]] (756-818), served as an influential member of the Council of State. However, it would be Uchimaro's son, [[Fujiwara Fuyutsugu]] (775-826), who would really be seen as the start of a new age of Fujiwara power and influence.

From the 9th to early 10th centuries, the influence of the Fujiwara family grew at court.  They were crucial in reforming--and ultimately replacing--the ritsuryô administration of previous generations.  With the eventual creation of the extracodal posts of [[sessho|Sesshô]] (Regent) and [[Kampaku]] (Viceroy), they were able to place themselves at the top of the administrative structure, in effect subject only to the emperor. At the same time, provincial power was also growing, while court positions slowly became traditional hereditary posts.  Towards the end of the 9th century, Japan would officially cut its ties with China and focus more specifically on internal reform.

Fuyutsugu served [[Emperor Saga]] while he was still Crown Prince Kamino. Fuyutsugu's posthumous biography describes him as extremely capable in matters of both military and civil administration.  He appears to have been quite sociable and reportedly benevolent. He became director of the [[Kurodôdokoro]] (Royal Secretariat) along with [[Kose Notori]] when that office was established in 810, and then joined the Council of State as an advisor the following year. He eventually rose to become Udaijin after Sonohito's death.

 

Fuyutsugu served [[Emperor Saga]] while he was still Crown Prince Kamino. Fuyutsugu's posthumous biography describes him as extremely capable in matters of both military and civil administration.  He appears to have been quite sociable and reportedly benevolent. He became director of the [[Kurodôdokoro]] (Royal Secretariat) along with [[Kose Notori]] when that office was established in 810, and then joined the Daijôkan as an advisor the following year. He eventually rose to become Udaijin after Sonohito's death.

Fuyutsugu became inextricably connected with the royal line when his daughter, [[Fujiwara Nobuko|Nobuko]] (alt. reading Junshi), became the senior consort of Saga's son, Prince Masanaga (later [[Emperor Nimmyo]]), while Saga's daughter, [[Minamoto Kiyohime]], became a consort of Fuyutsugu's son, [[Fujiwara Yoshifusa|Yoshifusa]] (804-872). Fuyutsugu's grandson, Prince Michiyasu, would eventually come to the throne as [[Emperor Montoku]], but not before the former's death. Fuyutsugu was posthumously granted the supreme role of [[Dajodaijin|Dajôdaijin]] (Prime Minister). With the Fujiwara and Imperial lines so co-mingled, the stage was set for a period of regency by the scions of the Fujiwara family.

Fuyutsugu became inextricably connected with the royal line when his daughter, [[Fujiwara Nobuko|Nobuko]] (alt. reading Junshi), became the senior consort of Saga's son, Prince Masanaga (later [[Emperor Nimmyo]]), while Saga's daughter, [[Minamoto Kiyohime]], became a consort of Fuyutsugu's son, [[Fujiwara Yoshifusa|Yoshifusa]] (804-872). Fuyutsugu's grandson, Prince Michiyasu, would eventually come to the throne as [[Emperor Montoku]], but not before the former's death. Fuyutsugu was posthumously granted the supreme role of [[Dajodaijin|Dajôdaijin]] (Prime Minister). With the Fujiwara and Imperial lines so co-mingled, the stage was set for a period of regency by the scions of the Fujiwara family.

After the death of Saga-in in 842, reports surfaced of a planned coup by supporters of [[Crown Prince Tsunesada]], son of [[Emperor Junna]] and his queen-consort, [[Princess Masako]], later known as the [[Jowa Coup|Jôwa Coup]]. Those accused were sent into exile, including [[Tomo Kowamine]] and [[Tachibana Hayanari]], and Prince Michiyasu became the new Crown Prince, eventually reigning as Emperor Montoku. There seems to have been little motive for Prince Tsunesada in this coup, and suspicion has since fallen on Michiyasu's uncle, Yoshifusa, as well as his grandmother, queen-mother [[Tachibana Kachiko]] (786-850). The resulting power vacuum left Yoshifusa the senior member of the Council of State. In 848, he was named Udaijin and began acting as the leader of the Council, despite the presence of [[Minamoto Tokiwa]] as [[Sadaijin]] (Minister of the Left).  In 857 he was formally named Prime Minister. In addition to all of this, his daughter [[Fujiwara Akirakeiko|Akirakeiko]] was Montoku's queen-consort, allowing Yoshifusa a great deal of sway in the politics during Montoku's reign.

After the death of Saga-in in 842, reports surfaced of a planned coup by supporters of [[Crown Prince Tsunesada]], son of [[Emperor Junna]] and his queen-consort, [[Princess Masako]], later known as the [[Jowa Coup|Jôwa Coup]]. Those accused were sent into exile, including [[Tomo Kowamine]] and [[Tachibana Hayanari]], and Prince Michiyasu became the new Crown Prince, eventually reigning as Emperor Montoku. There seems to have been little motive for Prince Tsunesada in this coup, and suspicion has since fallen on Michiyasu's uncle, Yoshifusa, as well as his grandmother, queen-mother [[Tachibana Kachiko]] (786-850). The resulting power vacuum left Yoshifusa the senior member of the Daijôkan. In 848, he was named Udaijin and began acting as the leader of the Council, despite the presence of [[Minamoto Tokiwa]] as [[Sadaijin]] (Minister of the Left).  In 857 he was formally named Prime Minister. In addition to all of this, his daughter [[Fujiwara Akirakeiko|Akirakeiko]] was Montoku's queen-consort, allowing Yoshifusa a great deal of sway in the politics during Montoku's reign.

In 858, Montoku died. His successor was nine year old Korehito, later known as [[Emperor Seiwa]] (r. 856-876). Yoshifusa was designated as regent for the young Seiwa until he came of age. While the official term ''[[sessho|sesshô]]'' was not yet in use for the Imperial regent, this was effectively the office Yoshifusa now held. This regency should have ended in 864, but that was interrupted by the [[Otenmon Coup|Ôtenmon Coup]], when the Ôtenmon gate burned down. Arson was suspected, and [[Dainagon]]<ref>Need to confirm this</ref> (Senior Counselor) [[Tomo Yoshio]] and Yoshifusa's son, Udaijin [[Fujiwara Yoshimi]] came under suspicion. Sadaijin [[Minamoto Makoto]] was also suspected and agents were sent to arrest him. Yoshifusa, on learning about it, entered the royal presence and found that the agents were not sent by an imperial command. He freed Tomo, Minamoto, and others who had been arrested. Later, however, new accusations arose against Tomo Yoshio and his son, [[Tomo Nakatsune|Nakatsune]], and their property was confiscated and they were sent into exile.

In 858, Montoku died. His successor was nine year old Korehito, later known as [[Emperor Seiwa]] (r. 856-876). Yoshifusa was designated as regent for the young Seiwa until he came of age. While the official term ''sesshô'' was not yet in use for the Imperial regent, this was effectively the office Yoshifusa now held. This regency should have ended in 864, but that was interrupted by the [[Otenmon Coup|Ôtenmon Coup]], when the Ôtenmon gate burned down. Arson was suspected, and [[Dainagon]]<ref>Need to confirm this</ref> (Senior Counselor) [[Tomo Yoshio]] and Yoshifusa's son, Udaijin [[Fujiwara Yoshimi]] came under suspicion. Sadaijin [[Minamoto Makoto]] was also suspected and agents were sent to arrest him. Yoshifusa, on learning about it, entered the royal presence and found that the agents were not sent by an imperial command. He freed Tomo, Minamoto, and others who had been arrested. Later, however, new accusations arose against Tomo Yoshio and his son, [[Tomo Nakatsune|Nakatsune]], and their property was confiscated and they were sent into exile.

During this turbulent period, Seiwa ordered Yoshifusa to "carry out governance of the realm". He was given authority over the Council of State, authority that would later be codified in the office of ''[[kampaku]]''. Yoshifusa used this power to reign in independent-minded nobles.

During this turbulent period, Seiwa ordered Yoshifusa to "carry out governance of the realm". He was given authority over the Daijôkan, authority that would later be codified in the office of ''kampaku''. Yoshifusa used this power to reign in independent-minded nobles.

Yoshifusa died in 872, and he was not immediately succeeded. However, when Seiwa retired in 876, his successor was again a minor - nine year old Prince Sadaakira ([[Emperor Yozei|Emperor Yôzei]]), son of [[Fujiwara Takaiko]] who was sister to [[Fujiwara Mototsune]] (836-891), Yoshifusa's adopted son and heir. Mototsune, who was at that time Udaijin, was appointed regent for his grandson as Yoshifusa had been for Seiwa, surpassing then Sadaijin, [[Minamoto Toru|Minamoto Tôru]]. Mototsune became Dajôdaijin four years later in 880, from which point on he is termed ''kampaku'' in the official documents, although the first extant use of the term would come in 884, when Yozei was removed from the throne and [[Emperor Koko|Emperor Kôkô]] succeeded him. Emperor Kôkô's edict directing Mototsune to continue to aid in the affairs of state would name Mototsune as ''kampaku''.   

Yoshifusa died in 872, and he was not immediately succeeded. However, when Seiwa retired in 876, his successor was again a minor - nine year old Prince Sadaakira ([[Emperor Yozei|Emperor Yôzei]]), son of [[Fujiwara Takaiko]] who was sister to [[Fujiwara Mototsune]] (836-891), Yoshifusa's adopted son and heir. Mototsune, who was at that time Udaijin, was appointed regent for his grandson as Yoshifusa had been for Seiwa, surpassing then Sadaijin, [[Minamoto Toru|Minamoto Tôru]]. Mototsune became Dajôdaijin four years later in 880, from which point on he is termed ''kampaku'' in the official documents, although the first extant use of the term would come in 884, when Yozei was removed from the throne and [[Emperor Koko|Emperor Kôkô]] succeeded him. Emperor Kôkô's edict directing Mototsune to continue to aid in the affairs of state would name Mototsune as ''kampaku''.   

When [[Emperor Uda]] came to the throne, he attempted to continue utilizing Mototsune in the same way, but without an official promotion to the position of ''kampaku''. Mototsune refused, and eventually won out in what has come to be known as the [[Ako Incident|Akô Incident]] (not to be confused with the [[Ako Affair]] of the later [[Tokugawa Period]]).  A scholar, [[Tachibana Hiromi]] wrote a memorial that "Yoshifusa should be named akô [most trusted minister]".  Debate was sparked over what this new "''akô''" office entailed, and in the end Yoshifusa's position as ''kampaku'' was strengthened.  This left Emperor Uda bitter, however, and Mototsune's son [[Fujiwara Tokihira]] (871-909) did not find great favor in the Emperor after his father's death. Tokihira nevertheless held power as the Sadaijin, although Uda appointed his own advisor, [[Sugawara Michizane]] (845-903) as Udaijin as a foil to Fujiwara power and influence, which had already grown so great that many officials were complaining one couldn't get an appointment without their backing.

When [[Emperor Uda]] came to the throne, he attempted to continue utilizing Mototsune in the same way, but without an official promotion to the position of ''kampaku''. Mototsune refused, and eventually won out in what has come to be known as the [[Ako Incident|Akô Incident]] (not to be confused with the [[Ako Affair]] of the later [[Tokugawa Period]]).  A scholar, [[Tachibana Hiromi]] wrote a memorial that "Yoshifusa should be named akô [most trusted minister]".  Debate was sparked over what this new "''akô''" office entailed, and in the end Yoshifusa's position as ''kampaku'' was strengthened.  This left Emperor Uda bitter, however, and Mototsune's son [[Fujiwara Tokihira]] (871-909) did not find great favor in the Emperor after his father's death. Tokihira nevertheless held power as the Sadaijin, although Uda appointed his own advisor, [[Sugawara Michizane]] (845-903) as Udaijin as a foil to Fujiwara power and influence, which had already grown so great that many officials were complaining one couldn't get an appointment without their backing.

Michizane was an able politician, but eventually his power waned. [[Emperor Daigo]] succeeded Uda, and was more friendly to Tokhira, who had Michizane exiled to the [[Dazaifu]] in 901,  where he died shortly after. Tokihira followed soon after in 909. His brother, [[Fujiwara Tadahira]] (880-949), would not succeed him as leading member of the Council of State until Udaijin [[Minamoto Hikaru|Minamoto Hikaru's]] death in 913. Tadahira never enjoyed the same relationship with Daigo that his brother had, but his power grew during the Enchô era (923-931). He was named Sadaijin in 924, and became Regent in 930, when Daigo abdicated for the three year old [[Emperor Suzaku]]. He became Prime Minister in 936, and eventually resigned as regent to be named ''kampaku''.

Michizane was an able politician, but eventually his power waned. [[Emperor Daigo]] succeeded Uda, and was more friendly to Tokhira, who had Michizane exiled to the [[Dazaifu]] in 901,  where he died shortly after. Tokihira followed soon after in 909. His brother, [[Fujiwara Tadahira]] (880-949), would not succeed him as leading member of the Daijôkan until Udaijin [[Minamoto Hikaru|Minamoto Hikaru's]] death in 913. Tadahira never enjoyed the same relationship with Daigo that his brother had, but his power grew during the Enchô era (923-931). He was named Sadaijin in 924, and became Regent in 930, when Daigo abdicated for the three year old [[Emperor Suzaku]]. He became Prime Minister in 936, and eventually resigned as regent to be named ''kampaku''.

===Later Fujiwara Regency===

===Later Fujiwara Regency===

After Tadahira's death, no regent was named for [[Emperor Murakami]]. However, it became common practice from the time of [[Emperor Reizei]] (r. 967-969) onwards. This later period is often seen as the mature regency, as the Fujiwara had consolidated their power base and position within the court.

After Tadahira's death, no regent was named for [[Emperor Murakami]]. However, it became common practice from the time of [[Emperor Reizei]] (r. 967-969) onwards. This later period is often seen as the mature regency, as the Fujiwara had consolidated their power base and position within the court.  The old ritsuryô system was mostly replaced by a system of hereditary office holders, and much of the decision-making authority delegated to the Daijôkan, with the Kampaku at its head.  Deliberation by this body was known as ''jin no za'', and their decisions, which often held the power of imperial edicts, were known as ''jin no sadame''.  The Emperor, or Tennô, still held the preeminent authority, however, in matters where there was a difference of opinion.

 

 

The 10th through 12th centuries saw the rise of various "gates of power" ([[kenmon]]), such as the rise of provincial military officials and the regligious institutions.  The Fujiwara family remained one of the central ''kenmon'' organizations through the period of military rule in the late 12th century.

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