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NOTES for later articles:
NOTES for later articles:
*阿母志礼 or 阿母志良礼 is read あんしたり or あんしたんめえ, and refers to female officials in general.[https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/15282523017/sizes/k/]
"Japanese gardens were featured, among others, in expositions held in Philadelphia (1876, 1926), Paris (1878, 1889, 1900, 1925), Chicago (1893, 1933), St. Louis (1904), London (1910), San Francisco (1915, 1939), New York (1939-40, 1964-65), Brussels (1958), Seattle (1909, 1962), and Montreal (1967). This means for the entire period between the 1860s and 1960s, Japanese gardens were on view at these major crowd-attracting events more or less every few years." Toshio Watanabe, "How the West Interacted with Japanese Gardens," Ishibashi Lectures, Kyoto University of Art and Design, 12 March 2016.
*Treaty of St Petersburg 1875 - incl. stipulation that Japanese settlers could live as permanent residents in Russian territories (Sakhalin) and Russian settlers as permanent residents in Japanese territories.
*Fukizumi 吹墨 - a technique for using a bamboo pipe to blow blue cobalt oxide onto porcelain, producing a splattered effect. - Nicole Coolidge Rousmaniere, Crafting Beauty in Modern Japan, University of Washington Press (2007), 17.
*Sanpincha = 香片茶
*Sanpincha = 香片茶
*NAHA/SHURI BYOBU:
- 琉球交易港図屏風（Urasoe City Art Museum）- made from the illustration section only of a larger byobu obtained in Okinawa in 1886 by a Kagoshima police officer.<ref name=watanabe11>Watanabe Miki 渡辺美季, "Ryûkyû Shuri no zu, Ryûkyû Naha zu: Koga rekishi hakubutsukan zô Takami Senseki kankei shiryô yori" 「琉球首里ノ図・琉球那覇図ー古河歴史博物館蔵 鷹見泉石関係資料より」, Tôkyô daigaku shiryôhensanjo fuzoku gazô shiryô kaiseki sentaa tsûshin 東京大学史料編纂所附属画像史料解析センター通信 90 (Oct 2020), p11.</ref>
- 琉球貿易図屏風（Shiga University） - restored in 2000. Some kind of ledger book or notebook from the Satsuma mansion in Edo, from the 1830s, discovered at that time built into the under-layers of the byobu<ref name=watanabe11/>
- 琉球進貢船図屏風 (Kyoto University Museum)<ref name=watanabe11/>
- 首里那覇港図屏風 (Oki Pref Mus) - depicts Zaiban bugyo parading up to Shuri castle. Purchased by a Mr. Yamaguchi from Niigata, purchased from somewhere in Kagoshima in 1889.<ref name=watanabe11/>
- 首里那覇鳥瞰図屏風 (Ie Udun shiryo, Naha City History Museum)<ref name=watanabe11/>
- 那覇港図 (Shurijo Castle Park)<ref name=watanabe11/>
WRITING IN CHINA
*Simple marks scratched on pottery from as early as 2500 BCE predate formal writing. The earliest fuller writing that has been found is on oracle bones and bronzes from around 1300 BCE (Shang dynasty). The oldest literary works in China - The Book of Odes and the Book of History - date to the Western Zhou (1047 BC – 772 BC). The oldest excavated writing on bamboo strips is from c. 600 BCE. - Gallery labels, Royal Ontario Museum.[https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/48532404501/in/photostream/]
*"In 1860 Britain was consuming upwards of 98% Chinese tea; but by the mid-1880s 50% of the tea consumed in Britain was Indian black tea, and that continued to grow in the 1880s and 1890s"
*British market Ceylon tea at the 1893 World's Fair - prior to the 1880s, no tea was grown or consumed on Ceylon.
*the tea dumped overboard in the Boston Tea Party was low-grade black tea; black tea *was* consumed in the British colonies in America, but at some point after Independence, c. 1770s-1790s or so(?), green tea came to dominate, and remained the dominant form of tea drunk in the US until the 1920s. Low-grade tea dyed greenish with [[Prussian blue]] (which is apparently non-toxic) was widespread. Those who could afford it bought better, undyed green tea (sencha). At this time, c. 1870s-1920s, most of the best sencha grown in Japan was exported to the US, while the Japanese themselves had to content themselves with lower-quality bancha, because the demand in the US was so high - the profit motive for exporting it so good. Overall, some 80% of the tea grown in Japan for sale (that is, not including tea consumed by the people who grew it) was exported to the United States.
*Japanese pavilions at World's Fairs, and Japanese in other venues, pushed to try to convince Americans to stop adding milk and sugar to green tea, but with little success.
*following the Boshin War, many on the losing side (supporters of Tokugawa Yoshinobu) ended up in Sunpu (Shizuoka), where many of them ended up becoming tea farmers, or otherwise coming to play a role in the export industry.
*Tea grown and picked in Shizuoka was then often fired in Yokohama, drying it out to ensure it wouldn't grow mold during the lengthy process of it being shipped overseas. Two different methods: pan firing and basket firing. Women wage workers, seeking day work doing tea firing or other work, depending on how much work there was to be had each day, and the ever-changing wage.
*Japanese at the World's Fairs or elsewhere tried to get Americans to try matcha, and also tried to get them to stop putting milk and sugar in their green tea and to learn to appreciate and enjoy it the way Japanese drink it.
*At the same time (c. 1890s), the British were trying to convince Americans to start drinking Indian and Ceylon black teas, pushing the rather racist ideas that (1) since it's made/supervised by Whites, it's more reliable, cleaner, safer, and (2) that because it's processed by machine rather than being sweated over by "dirty" Chinese and Japanese, it's cleaner and safer.
- all of this from Robert Hellyer, "Japanese Tea as an American Beverage: From the Meiji Restoration to Today," Ishibashi Lectures Series, 27 May 2017, Kyushu National Museum. https://www.sainsbury-institute.org/info/the-fourth-ishibashi-foundation-lecture-series-2017
*Though tea was originally exported via the port of Yokohama, after [[1906]], Shimizu port (today part of Shizuoka City) became the chief export location, and foreign trading companies even relocated from Yokohama to Shimizu. - pamphlet, Ranji exhibition, Verkehr Shimizu Port Terminal Museum, July 2020.
*Offset printing like that still used today came about in the Showa era. Also, by the end of WWII, Japanese tea came to be heavily exported to former French territories in North Africa and West Asia, especially Algeria and Morocco. - pamphlet, Ranji exhibition, Verkehr Shimizu Port Terminal Museum, July 2020.
*It's believed the archipelago was first settled (peopled) as early as 40,000 years ago. - Simon Kaner, "Jomon and Yayoi," Routledge Handbook of Premodern Japanese History (ed. Karl Friday), 59.
*Sapporo means Dry land in Ainu.
*Sapporo means Dry land in Ainu.
*Mito casts its first mortars. 1856/3. Ishin Shiryo Koyo, vol 2, p182.
*Mito casts its first mortars. 1856/3. Ishin Shiryo Koyo, vol 2, p182.
*掃除丁場 - villages assigned to provide workers for cleaning and maintaining the roads, especially before an important entourage is to pass through. Villages located a bit farther from the highway, instead of providing workers, sometimes paid another village to do so. - Gallery labels, Futagawa juku honjin shiryokan.[https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/31363619327/in/dateposted/]
*Sefa utaki - generally sees about 400,000 visitors a year. Aike Rots, "Strangers in the Sacred Grove: The Changing Meanings of Okinawan Utaki," Religions 10:298 (2019), 5.
*Sefa utaki - generally sees about 400,000 visitors a year. Aike Rots, "Strangers in the Sacred Grove: The Changing Meanings of Okinawan Utaki," Religions 10:298 (2019), 5.
*In 1855/10, the shogunate permitted shogunal vassals, retainers of the various domains, and commoners to relocate to [[Ezo]], and granted loans to those who engaged in developing 開拓 the land. - Ishin Shiryo, vol 2, 133.
*In 1855/10, the shogunate permitted shogunal vassals, retainers of the various domains, and commoners to relocate to [[Ezo]], and granted loans to those who engaged in developing 開拓 the land. - Ishin Shiryo, vol 2, 133.
*Jomon flame pots: though generally regarded as (purely?) aesthetic, the degraded remains of food particles, especially fish, have been found in them. They were clearly used for the cooking or preparation otherwise of food, and it's believed there may have been some ceremonial or ritual aspect to their use in such food preparation. - "Molecular Archaeology: Investigating Diet, Food and Cuisine from Stonehenge to the Jōmon?", Oliver Craig, Ishibashi Foundation lectures, Tokyo National Museum, Oct 2014.[https://www.sainsbury-institute.org/info/second-ishibashi-foundation-lecture-series-2014]
*Kawanabe Kyosui, a daughter of Kyosai, was an accomplished painter in her own right. [https://www.japantimes.co.jp/events/2018/03/27/art-guide/painting-art-guide/kyosai-kyosui-soul-artist-pioneered-father-daughter/], [https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2018/04/17/arts/legacy-genius-kyosai-kyosui/#.W2TyutIza00]
*Kawanabe Kyosui, a daughter of Kyosai, was an accomplished painter in her own right. [https://www.japantimes.co.jp/events/2018/03/27/art-guide/painting-art-guide/kyosai-kyosui-soul-artist-pioneered-father-daughter/], [https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2018/04/17/arts/legacy-genius-kyosai-kyosui/#.W2TyutIza00]
*Chinsuko = 金楚糕
*Chinsuko = 金楚糕
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