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===Republic of China===
===Republic of China===
Following the Japanese defeat in World War II, Taiwan was restored to Chinese sovereignty.<ref>Peattie, 22.</ref> It remained connected to the mainland for only four years, however, splitting off in 1949 as the Nationalist (Kuomintang) government of the Republic of China fled into exile on the island, leaving the Communist government to establish the People's Republic of China as ruling the entire Chinese mainland.
Following the Japanese defeat in World War II, Taiwan was restored to Chinese sovereignty.<ref>Peattie, 22.</ref> It remained connected to the mainland for only four years, however, splitting off in 1949 as the Nationalist (Kuomintang) government of the Republic of China fled into exile on the island, leaving the Communist government to establish the People's Republic of China as ruling the entire Chinese mainland.
Residents of the island were given the opportunity in 1945 to file applications to regain Chinese citizenship. Though nationality laws put in place by the Qing in [[1909]] (just before the dynasty's fall) had been based on bloodline (and thus on ethnicity), these applications were not. Regardless of one's ancestry, one could apply to (re)gain Chinese citizenship so long as one had formal statements accounting for one's residence in Taiwan throughout the colonial period.<ref name=danshao/>
The indigenous population of the country includes a number of tribes or peoples, numbering around 520,000 people in total.<ref>Greg Dvorak and Miyume Tanji, "Introduction: Indigenous Asias," ''Amerasia Journal'' 41:1 (2015), xxi.</ref>
The indigenous population of the country includes a number of tribes or peoples, numbering around 520,000 people in total.<ref>Greg Dvorak and Miyume Tanji, "Introduction: Indigenous Asias," ''Amerasia Journal'' 41:1 (2015), xxi.</ref>
