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Created page with "*''Other Names'': 交趾 or 交阯 ''(V: Giao Chỉ, C: Jiāozhǐ, J: Kōshi)'', 塘中 ''(V: Đàng Trong)'' *''Vietnamese/Japanese/Chinese'': 広南 ''(Quảng Nam / Kônan ..."
*''Other Names'': 交趾 or 交阯 ''(V: Giao Chỉ, C: Jiāozhǐ, J: Kōshi)'', 塘中 ''(V: Đàng Trong)''
*''Vietnamese/Japanese/Chinese'': 広南 ''(Quảng Nam / Kônan / Guǎng nán)''
Quang Nam, also known as Quinam, Đàng Trong, or Cochinchina,<ref>From Giao Chỉ, the Vietnamese version of the ancient Chinese term ''Jiāozhǐ'', used in China to refer to Vietnam since c. 100 BCE. Keith Taylor, ''Views of seventeenth-century Vietnam: Christoforo Borri on Cochinchina & Samuel Baron on Tonkin'', Cornell University Southeast Asia Program (2006), 15.</ref> was a region of southern-central [[Vietnam]] ruled by the [[Nguyen lords]] in the 16th-18th centuries. The Nguyen claimed loyalty to the [[Le Dynasty]] emperors based in the north, but sought to overthrow, or at least retain independence from, the [[Trinh lords]] who ruled [[Tonkin]] (the northern regions of the country). Though the Nguyen separated from the Trinh in [[1600]], war did not break out in earnest until [[1627]] or [[1633]], after which it continued until [[1673]], when a truce was called, and borders drawn. Tension remained between the two polities, however, until [[1788]], when both fell in the [[Tay Son Rebellion]].
The first Japanese to travel to Quang Nam is believed to have been the pirate [[Shirahama Kenki]], in [[1585]]. He was driven off by Nguyen ships, but returned in [[1599]]. In the meantime, [[Nguyen Hoang]], lord of Quang Nam, communicated with [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] in [[1591]], and with [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] in [[1601]], marking the earliest extant official communications between Vietnamese and Japanese authorities.
By the 1600s, however, Quang Nam was home to a small but influential ''[[Nihonmachi]]'', or Japantown. It was located in [[Hoi An]], the busiest port in all of Vietnam; the Nguyen maintained their political capital some distance away at Ai Tu (later relocated to Hue). Though even at the height of the Japanese community there Hoi An was never home to more than eighty or so Japanese households, these residents were profoundly influential. Despite being considerably outnumbered by the thousands of Chinese residents,<ref>A 1642 report to the Dutch East India Company by a Japanese inhabitant of the port describes a Chinese population of 4,000-5,000 and a Japanese population of 40-50. Laarhoven, Ruurdje (trans.) "A Japanese Resident's Account: Declaration of the Situation of Quinam Kingdom by Francisco, 1642." in Tana Li and Anthony Reid (eds.) ''Southern Vietnam under the Nguyễn: Documents on the Economic History of Cochinchina (Đàng Trong), 1602-1777''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (1993), 31.; by 1750, there were perhaps as many as 10,000 Chinese resident in the port, and even fewer Japanese than before. Kang, David C. “Hierarchy in Asian International Relations: 1300-1900.” ''Asian Security'' 1, no. 1 (2005): 69.</ref> the Japanese residents of the port, in conjunction with the captains of Japanese trade ships, dominated the local [[silk]] market. When a Japanese ship came in, local Japanese performed a formal inspection of the ship on behalf of local authorities, and then managed the transportation and sale of the cargo. They also selected local goods for the Japanese ship to purchase, and acted as intermediaries between the Japanese merchants and local authorities otherwise. So much of the newest and best silk was bought up by Japanese merchants each season that Chinese and Dutch traders were left with a considerably smaller supply from which to buy, and thus were forced to pay higher prices.
Members of this community also rose to official positions in the Nguyen court, or in local government, and some even married into the Nguyen family.<ref>Matt Matsuda, ''Pacific Worlds'', University of Cambridge Press (2012), 89.</ref> Hoi An was a very important port for Japanese trade; ten Japanese ships arrived in Hoi An each year, accounting for as much as one-quarter of all Japanese commercial activity in Southeast Asia in the early 17th century.<ref>Chen Chingho A. ''Historical Notes on Hội An (Faifo)''. Carbondale, Illinois: Center for Vietnamese Studies, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, (1974), 13.</ref>
Quang Nam began to expand southward into [[Champa|Cham]] territory as early as the 1610s. Keith Taylor identifies the rhetoric surrounding Quang Nam's assertion of its independence from the north, as well as its adoption of elements of the Austronesian cultural character of the Chams it conquered, as marking a significant shift in the development of "Vietnam" as an entity; for the first time, perhaps ever in history, Vietnam was divided, with its southern portion (Quang Nam) actively distancing itself from Vietnamese identity as defined by the north, and forging a new and additional, but no less authentic, Vietnamese identity.<ref>Keith Taylor, "Nguyen Hoang and the Beginning of Vietnam's Southward Expansion," in Anthony Reid (ed.), ''Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era'', Cornell University Press (1993), 62.</ref>
The Dutch established a factory in Hoi An in [[1633]], remaining into the 1700s. As in other Southeast Asian ports, once the shogunate's policy of [[maritime restrictions]] was put into place in the 1640s, the Japanese community in Hoi An diminished, eventually disappearing prior to the turn of the 18th century.
A pair of [[elephants]] from Quang Nam were brought to Japan by a Chinese merchant in [[1728]], and given to the shogun as a gift.<ref>Marius Jansen, ''China in the Tokugawa World'', Harvard University Press (1992), 38.</ref>
{{stub}}
==Lords of Quang Nam==
*[[Nguyen Hoang]] (1600-1613)
*[[Nguyen Phuc Nguyen|Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên]] (1613-?)
...
==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Edo Period]]
[[Category:Geographic Locations]]
*''Vietnamese/Japanese/Chinese'': 広南 ''(Quảng Nam / Kônan / Guǎng nán)''
Quang Nam, also known as Quinam, Đàng Trong, or Cochinchina,<ref>From Giao Chỉ, the Vietnamese version of the ancient Chinese term ''Jiāozhǐ'', used in China to refer to Vietnam since c. 100 BCE. Keith Taylor, ''Views of seventeenth-century Vietnam: Christoforo Borri on Cochinchina & Samuel Baron on Tonkin'', Cornell University Southeast Asia Program (2006), 15.</ref> was a region of southern-central [[Vietnam]] ruled by the [[Nguyen lords]] in the 16th-18th centuries. The Nguyen claimed loyalty to the [[Le Dynasty]] emperors based in the north, but sought to overthrow, or at least retain independence from, the [[Trinh lords]] who ruled [[Tonkin]] (the northern regions of the country). Though the Nguyen separated from the Trinh in [[1600]], war did not break out in earnest until [[1627]] or [[1633]], after which it continued until [[1673]], when a truce was called, and borders drawn. Tension remained between the two polities, however, until [[1788]], when both fell in the [[Tay Son Rebellion]].
The first Japanese to travel to Quang Nam is believed to have been the pirate [[Shirahama Kenki]], in [[1585]]. He was driven off by Nguyen ships, but returned in [[1599]]. In the meantime, [[Nguyen Hoang]], lord of Quang Nam, communicated with [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] in [[1591]], and with [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] in [[1601]], marking the earliest extant official communications between Vietnamese and Japanese authorities.
By the 1600s, however, Quang Nam was home to a small but influential ''[[Nihonmachi]]'', or Japantown. It was located in [[Hoi An]], the busiest port in all of Vietnam; the Nguyen maintained their political capital some distance away at Ai Tu (later relocated to Hue). Though even at the height of the Japanese community there Hoi An was never home to more than eighty or so Japanese households, these residents were profoundly influential. Despite being considerably outnumbered by the thousands of Chinese residents,<ref>A 1642 report to the Dutch East India Company by a Japanese inhabitant of the port describes a Chinese population of 4,000-5,000 and a Japanese population of 40-50. Laarhoven, Ruurdje (trans.) "A Japanese Resident's Account: Declaration of the Situation of Quinam Kingdom by Francisco, 1642." in Tana Li and Anthony Reid (eds.) ''Southern Vietnam under the Nguyễn: Documents on the Economic History of Cochinchina (Đàng Trong), 1602-1777''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (1993), 31.; by 1750, there were perhaps as many as 10,000 Chinese resident in the port, and even fewer Japanese than before. Kang, David C. “Hierarchy in Asian International Relations: 1300-1900.” ''Asian Security'' 1, no. 1 (2005): 69.</ref> the Japanese residents of the port, in conjunction with the captains of Japanese trade ships, dominated the local [[silk]] market. When a Japanese ship came in, local Japanese performed a formal inspection of the ship on behalf of local authorities, and then managed the transportation and sale of the cargo. They also selected local goods for the Japanese ship to purchase, and acted as intermediaries between the Japanese merchants and local authorities otherwise. So much of the newest and best silk was bought up by Japanese merchants each season that Chinese and Dutch traders were left with a considerably smaller supply from which to buy, and thus were forced to pay higher prices.
Members of this community also rose to official positions in the Nguyen court, or in local government, and some even married into the Nguyen family.<ref>Matt Matsuda, ''Pacific Worlds'', University of Cambridge Press (2012), 89.</ref> Hoi An was a very important port for Japanese trade; ten Japanese ships arrived in Hoi An each year, accounting for as much as one-quarter of all Japanese commercial activity in Southeast Asia in the early 17th century.<ref>Chen Chingho A. ''Historical Notes on Hội An (Faifo)''. Carbondale, Illinois: Center for Vietnamese Studies, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, (1974), 13.</ref>
Quang Nam began to expand southward into [[Champa|Cham]] territory as early as the 1610s. Keith Taylor identifies the rhetoric surrounding Quang Nam's assertion of its independence from the north, as well as its adoption of elements of the Austronesian cultural character of the Chams it conquered, as marking a significant shift in the development of "Vietnam" as an entity; for the first time, perhaps ever in history, Vietnam was divided, with its southern portion (Quang Nam) actively distancing itself from Vietnamese identity as defined by the north, and forging a new and additional, but no less authentic, Vietnamese identity.<ref>Keith Taylor, "Nguyen Hoang and the Beginning of Vietnam's Southward Expansion," in Anthony Reid (ed.), ''Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era'', Cornell University Press (1993), 62.</ref>
The Dutch established a factory in Hoi An in [[1633]], remaining into the 1700s. As in other Southeast Asian ports, once the shogunate's policy of [[maritime restrictions]] was put into place in the 1640s, the Japanese community in Hoi An diminished, eventually disappearing prior to the turn of the 18th century.
A pair of [[elephants]] from Quang Nam were brought to Japan by a Chinese merchant in [[1728]], and given to the shogun as a gift.<ref>Marius Jansen, ''China in the Tokugawa World'', Harvard University Press (1992), 38.</ref>
{{stub}}
==Lords of Quang Nam==
*[[Nguyen Hoang]] (1600-1613)
*[[Nguyen Phuc Nguyen|Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên]] (1613-?)
...
==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Edo Period]]
[[Category:Geographic Locations]]