Changes

Following the [[battle of Sekigahara]] in [[1600]], the Toyotomi, under [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi|Toyotomi Hideyoshi's]] heir [[Toyotomi Hideyori]], remained in Osaka and maintained a strong, if temporarily quieted, body of supporters. [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] based himself in [[Osaka castle]] for the first few years of the 17th century, but by the 1610s, Toyotomi Hideyori (17 years old in 1610) was regaining strength. He worked to have his father's temple of [[Hoko-ji|Hôkô-ji]] rebuilt, and in [[1614]] requested shogunal permission to have the temple rededicated; a series of communications back and forth between the Toyotomi and Tokugawa culminated in one which the Tokugawa interpreted as containing a hidden message challenging Tokugawa hegemony. On [[1614]]/9/7, in anticipation of conflict with the Toyotomi, the Tokugawa ordered the heads of the [[Mori clan|Môri]], [[Nabeshima clan|Nabeshima]], [[Shimazu clan|Shimazu]], and several other clans to come to [[Edo]] to formally re-affirm their oaths of loyalty to Ieyasu and his son, the Shogun [[Tokugawa Hidetada|Hidetada]], in person.

Following the [[battle of Sekigahara]] in [[1600]], the Toyotomi, under [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi|Toyotomi Hideyoshi's]] heir [[Toyotomi Hideyori]], remained in Osaka and maintained a strong, if temporarily quieted, body of supporters. [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] based himself in [[Osaka castle]] for the first few years of the 17th century, but by the 1610s, Toyotomi Hideyori (17 years old in 1610) was regaining strength. He worked to have his father's temple of [[Hoko-ji|Hôkô-ji]] rebuilt, and in [[1614]] requested shogunal permission to have the temple rededicated; a series of communications back and forth between the Toyotomi and Tokugawa culminated in one which the Tokugawa interpreted as containing a hidden message challenging Tokugawa hegemony. On [[1614]]/9/7, in anticipation of conflict with the Toyotomi, the Tokugawa ordered the heads of the [[Mori clan|Môri]], [[Nabeshima clan|Nabeshima]], [[Shimazu clan|Shimazu]], and several other clans to come to [[Edo]] to formally re-affirm their oaths of loyalty to Ieyasu and his son, the Shogun [[Tokugawa Hidetada|Hidetada]], in person.

Ieyasu and Hidetada issued orders on 10/1 for a number of ''daimyô'' of eastern Japan to muster forces in preparation for an attack on Osaka. A number of ''daimyô'' previously loyal to the Toyotomi, who were already resident in Edo at that time became, essentially, political hostages, while a number of more trusted lords were made to travel to [[Sunpu]], where they were interviewed by Ieyasu to confirm their loyalty.

Ieyasu and Hidetada issued orders on 10/1 for a number of ''daimyô'' of eastern Japan to muster forces in preparation for an attack on Osaka. A number of ''daimyô'' previously loyal to the Toyotomi, who were already resident in Edo at that time became, essentially, political hostages, while a number of more trusted lords were made to travel to [[Sunpu]], where they were interviewed by Ieyasu to confirm their loyalty. Ultimately, while Toyotomi Hideyori enjoyed the support of as many as one hundred thousand ''[[ronin]]'' who had lost their lords in the wars of the preceding years and decades, not a single ''daimyô'' fought for the Toyotomi at Osaka.<ref>Morgan Pitelka, "Name and Fame: Material Objects as Authority, Security, and Legacy," Mary Elizabeth Berry, Marcia Yonemoto (eds.), ''What Is a Family?: Answers from Early Modern Japan'', University of California Press (2019), 111.</ref>

==Winter Campaign==

==Winter Campaign==

Ieyasu and Hidetada journeyed separately to Kyoto, with a combined force of perhaps as many as 200,000 men. The Toyotomi-loyal armies, based in Osaka castle, one of the most impressive fortifications in the realm, are said to have perhaps numbered as many as 100,000. The Tokugawa forces began setting themselves up in hills surrounding Osaka on 11/15, and on 11/19 began their assault on smaller Toyotomi-loyal fortresses with the [[battle of Kizugawa]].

Ieyasu and Hidetada journeyed separately to Kyoto, with a combined force of perhaps as many as 200,000 men. The Toyotomi-loyal armies, based in Osaka castle, one of the most impressive fortifications in the realm, are said to have perhaps numbered as many as 100,000. The Tokugawa forces began setting themselves up in hills surrounding Osaka on 11/15, and on 11/19 began their assault on smaller Toyotomi-loyal fortresses with the [[battle of Kizugawa]].

The assault on Osaka castle itself began on 12/16. Ieyasu employed a number of heavy cannon (some of European manufacture, and some made in [[Sakai]]), but failed to do any significant damage to the keep. The noise, however, is said to have had a noteworthy effect on the defenders, an "assault on [their] minds" which made it difficult to relax or sleep.<ref>Pitelka, ''Spectacular Accumulation'', 132.</ref> Though the Tokugawa forces made little actual progress, in terms of damaging the castle or gaining territory, this initial conflict ended in a limited ceasefire. Throughout the bombardment, Tokugawa and Toyotomi representatives exchanged negotiations as to a set of demands both sides could agree to; eventually, Hideyori agreed to a set of conditions that included guaranteeing his enfeoffment & income on a fief equivalent to Osaka, guaranteeing his own personal safety, and guaranteeing that his mother, [[Yodo-dono]], would not be made hostage in Edo. The two sides agreed to a ceasefire, and Ieyasu returned to Kyoto, though Hidetada remained at Osaka, and oversaw the filling in of the moat. Most mythologizing accounts written long after the fact exaggerate the ways the Tokugawa used subterfuge to somehow convince the Toyotomi to allow this, but in truth the extent to which the inhabitants of the castle agreed to this, or even knew about this Tokugawa intention, is unclear.

The assault on Osaka castle itself began on 12/16. Ieyasu employed a number of heavy cannon (some of European manufacture, and some made in [[Sakai]]), but failed to do any significant damage to the keep. The noise, however, is said to have had a noteworthy effect on the defenders, an "assault on [their] minds" which made it difficult to relax or sleep.<ref>Pitelka, ''Spectacular Accumulation'', 132.</ref> Though the Tokugawa forces made little actual progress in terms of damaging the castle or gaining territory, this initial conflict ended in a limited ceasefire. Throughout the bombardment, Tokugawa and Toyotomi representatives exchanged negotiations as to a set of demands both sides could agree to; eventually, Hideyori agreed to a set of conditions that included guaranteeing his enfeoffment & income on a fief equivalent to Osaka, guaranteeing his own personal safety, and guaranteeing that his mother, [[Yodo-gimi]], would not be made hostage in Edo. The two sides agreed to a ceasefire, and Ieyasu returned to Kyoto, though Hidetada remained at Osaka, and oversaw the filling in of the moat. Most mythologizing accounts written long after the fact exaggerate the ways the Tokugawa used subterfuge to somehow convince the Toyotomi to allow this, but in truth the extent to which the inhabitants of the castle agreed to this, or even knew about this Tokugawa intention, is unclear.

==Summer Campaign==

==Summer Campaign==