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==History==
==History==
===Ancient and Classical Periods===
Though far from the major historical political, economic, and cultural centers of [[Kansai]] and [[Kanto|Kantô]], as the part of the archipelago closest to the Asian mainland, Kyushu features prominently throughout history in Japan's interactions with the outside world.
Though far from the major historical political, economic, and cultural centers of [[Kansai]] and [[Kanto|Kantô]], as the part of the archipelago closest to the Asian mainland, Kyushu features prominently throughout history in Japan's interactions with the outside world.
Kyushu remained a site of great political and economic importance into the [[Yamato period]], as the center on Honshu solidified and a unified [[Yamato]] state emerged.
Kyushu remained a site of great political and economic importance into the [[Yamato period]], as the center on Honshu solidified and a unified [[Yamato]] state emerged.
The Yamato state engaged in active trade and diplomatic relations with the various kingdoms of the Korean peninsula, primarily through locations on Kyushu, and through the islands of [[Tsushima]] and [[Iki Island|Iki]]. In the 660s, plans were made to invade the Korean kingdom of Silla, which was hostile to Paekche and the Gaya Confederacy (Mimana), Yamato allies. These plans were scrapped, the invasion never undertaken, but as a result of Yamato fears of Chinese or Korean attacks, a more organized defense was established for Kyushu, centrally managed by an administrative headquarters at [[Dazaifu]], just outside what is today the city of [[Fukuoka]].
The Yamato state engaged in active trade and diplomatic relations with the various kingdoms of the Korean peninsula, primarily through locations on Kyushu, and through the islands of [[Tsushima]] and [[Ikishima|Iki]]. In the 660s, plans were made to invade the Korean kingdom of [[Silla]], which was hostile to [[Paekche]] and the [[Gaya Confederacy]] (Mimana), Yamato allies. These plans were scrapped, the invasion never undertaken, but as a result of Yamato fears of Chinese or Korean attacks, a more organized defense was established for Kyushu, centrally managed by an administrative headquarters at [[Dazaifu]], just outside what is today the city of [[Fukuoka]].
===Kamakura through Sengoku periods===
Dazaifu would remain the central headquarters for the defense and administration of Kyushu for centuries. At the beginning of the [[Kamakura period]] (1185-1333), the position of ''[[Chinzei bugyo|Chinzei bugyô]]''<ref>"Chinzei" (鎮西) is an alternate name for Kyushu. The position was also referred to as ''Chinzei Shugo'' and in later times ''Chinzei Tandai'' or ''Kyûshû Tandai''.</ref> was established. The first ''Chinzei bugyô'' was a samurai by the name of [[Amano Tokage|Amano Tôkage]], appointed in 1186 to oversee the pursuit and elimination of support for the shogun's brother [[Minamoto no Yoshitsune]]. However, the position soon came to be that of the chief officer of Dazaifu; all orders from the shogunate in [[Kamakura]] regarding Kyushu would pass through this headquarters. It is believed that this system came about in part because the shogunate could not rely upon the local lords of Kyushu to follow orders directly without the intermediation of a more direct local presence and authority, in the form of the Dazaifu government.
Dazaifu would remain the central headquarters for the defense and administration of Kyushu for centuries. At the beginning of the [[Kamakura period]] (1185-1333), the position of ''[[Chinzei bugyo|Chinzei bugyô]]''<ref>"Chinzei" (鎮西) is an alternate name for Kyushu. The position was also referred to as ''Chinzei Shugo'' and in later times ''Chinzei Tandai'' or ''Kyûshû Tandai''.</ref> was established. The first ''Chinzei bugyô'' was a samurai by the name of [[Amano Tokage|Amano Tôkage]], appointed in 1186 to oversee the pursuit and elimination of support for the shogun's brother [[Minamoto no Yoshitsune]]. However, the position soon came to be that of the chief officer of Dazaifu; all orders from the shogunate in [[Kamakura]] regarding Kyushu would pass through this headquarters. It is believed that this system came about in part because the shogunate could not rely upon the local lords of Kyushu to follow orders directly without the intermediation of a more direct local presence and authority, in the form of the Dazaifu government.
The ''Chinzei bugyô'' thus oversaw the administration and defense of all of Kyushu, along with Ikishima and Tsushima. Under him were the ''[[Daini]]'' and ''[[Shoni|Shôni]]'', which Sansom translates as Senior and Junior Assistant. The post of ''Shôni'' came to be held hereditarily by members of the Muto branch of the [[Fujiwara clan]], who later came to call themselves the [[Shoni clan|Shôni clan]] and to wield significant influence in the region.
Around this time, the Dazaifu government, along with a parallel headquarters in [[Tohoku|Tôhoku]] (northeastern Honshû), came to reproduce the organizational structure of the shogunate, albeit on a smaller scale. Thus, various offices and structures, such as a ''[[samurai-dokoro]]'', a separate office dedicated specifically to military affairs, came to be established.
Around this time, the Dazaifu government, along with a parallel headquarters in [[Tohoku|Tôhoku]] (northeastern Honshû), came to reproduce the organizational structure of the shogunate, albeit on a smaller scale. Thus, various offices and structures, such as a ''[[samurai-dokoro]]'', a separate office dedicated specifically to military affairs, came to be established.
The Dazaifu headquarters would play a crucial role in the Japanese defense against the [[Mongol invasions]] of 1272 and 1281.
The Dazaifu headquarters would play a crucial role in the Japanese defense against the [[Mongol invasions]] of [[1272]] and [[1281]]. Envoys of Khubilai Khan delivered a formal message from the Khan to Dazaifu in [[1268]], commanding Japan to submit or be invaded; the missive was passed on to Kamakura and Kyoto, but was ultimately ignored. Following the reception of another message to the same effect in [[1271]], the [[Kamakura shogunate]] ordered Dazaifu, along with all the ''[[shugo]]'' and ''[[jito|jitô]]'', to begin strengthening defenses. Samurai from Kyushu who were residing in Kamakura were returned to the island, and a number of the shogun's own direct retainers (''[[kenin]]'') began journeying towards Kyushu as well, along with a sizeable army.
A Mongol ambassador arrived in Dazaifu in late 1272, and was rejected and expelled on the orders of the shogunate. The Mongol fleet arrived soon afterwards, seizing [[Tsushima]] and [[Ikishima]] with little difficulty; a detachment was sent to take the port of [[Hirado]], while the bulk of the fleet landed at [[Hakata]], on the north shore of Kyushu, a short distance from Dazaifu.
*Mongols
*Mongols
*contact with Europe, guns, Christians
*contact with Europe, guns, Christians
*Hideyoshi's Kyushu Campaign
*Korean invasions
*Korean invasions
===Edo period===
*Edo period - Satsuma/Ryukyu, Nagasaki
*Edo period - Satsuma/Ryukyu, Nagasaki
===Bakumatsu and Meiji periods===
*Bakumatsu/Meiji - Satsuma, Saga Rebellions
*Bakumatsu/Meiji - Satsuma, Saga Rebellions