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''Kunimochi'', literally "province-holding", was the highest of five tiers of status for [[Edo period]] ''[[daimyo|daimyô]]''.<ref>[[William Beasley|Beasley, William]]. ''The Meiji Restoration''. Stanford University Press, 1972. pp23-24.</ref> The eighteen to twenty ''daimyô'' who enjoyed this level of status were the tier just below those of the ''[[Gosanke]]'', the three branch families of the shogun's own [[Tokugawa clan]]. While all ''daimyô'' enjoyed a certain degree of autonomy, with the shogunate generally not meddling in domain's internal affairs, the shogunate is said to have been particularly hesitant to interfere in the affairs of the powerful ''kunimochi daimyô''.<ref name=ravina3>[[Mark Ravina]], ''Land and Lordship in Early Modern Japan'', Stanford University Press (1999), 3.</ref> No ''kunimochi daimyô'' ever had his territory reduced, transferred (''tenpô''), or attaindered (''kaieki'').<ref>Ravina, 21.</ref>

''Kunimochi'', literally "province-holding", was the highest of five tiers of status for [[Edo period]] ''[[daimyo|daimyô]]''.<ref>[[William Beasley|Beasley, William]]. ''The Meiji Restoration''. Stanford University Press, 1972. pp23-24.</ref> The eighteen to twenty ''daimyô'' who enjoyed this level of status were the tier just below those of the ''[[Gosanke]]'', the three branch families of the shogun's own [[Tokugawa clan]]. While all ''daimyô'' enjoyed a certain degree of autonomy, with the shogunate generally not meddling in domain's internal affairs, the shogunate is said to have been particularly hesitant to interfere in the affairs of the powerful ''kunimochi daimyô''.<ref name=ravina3>[[Mark Ravina]], ''Land and Lordship in Early Modern Japan'', Stanford University Press (1999), 3.</ref> No ''kunimochi daimyô'' ever had his territory reduced, transferred (''tenpô''), or attaindered (''kaieki'').<ref>Ravina, 21.</ref>

In concept, these were the ''daimyô'' who possessed either an entire [[provinces|province]], or a contiguous [[han|domain]] of equivalent geographic size; these eighteen to twenty domains, combined, covered roughly 1/3 of the land area of the Japanese archipelago.<ref name=ravina3/> However, despite the literal meaning of the term ''kunimochi'', very few Edo period ''daimyô'' actually controlled an entire province. Those who did were known as ''honkunimochi'', while others who did not explicitly control a whole province but were of equivalent power were known as ''taishin kunimochi'', or "great country holders." Some ''kunimochi daimyô'', furthermore, were granted the title honorarily, and in fact held domains considerably smaller and less wealthy than other ''kunimochi daimyô''. These weaker ''daimyô'' were known as ''jun-kunimochi'' (準国持), or "quasi-''kunimochi'', and held a status just slightly below that of other ''kunimochi daimyô'', but within the same tier of status ranking, above those without ''kunimochi'' or ''junkunimochi'' status. Meanwhile, a number of other domains were of equivalent size, or even ''kokudaka'' and court rank, with ''kunimochi daimyô'', but for one reason or another were not formally granted the status. These included the [[Tsugaru clan]] of [[Hirosaki han]], whose lineage was not prestigious enough for such status, and the [[Sakai clan]] and [[Matsuura clan]] of [[Obama han]] and [[Hirado han]] respectively, who each controlled an entire province but were not considered ''kunimochi''.<ref>Ravina, 20.</ref>

In concept, these were the ''daimyô'' who possessed either an entire [[provinces|province]], or a contiguous [[han|domain]] of equivalent geographic size; these eighteen to twenty domains, combined, covered roughly 1/3 of the land area of the Japanese archipelago.<ref name=ravina3/> However, despite the literal meaning of the term ''kunimochi'', very few Edo period ''daimyô'' actually controlled an entire province. Those who did were known as ''honkunimochi'', while others who did not explicitly control a whole province but were of equivalent power were known as ''taishin kunimochi'', or "great country holders." Some ''kunimochi daimyô'', furthermore, were granted the title honorarily, and in fact held domains considerably smaller and less wealthy than other ''kunimochi daimyô''. These weaker ''daimyô'' were known as ''jun-kunimochi'' (準国持), or "quasi-''kunimochi'', and held a status just slightly below that of other ''kunimochi daimyô'', but within the same tier of status ranking, above those without ''kunimochi'' or ''junkunimochi'' status. Meanwhile, a number of other domains were of equivalent size, or even ''kokudaka'' and court rank, with ''kunimochi daimyô'', but for one reason or another were not formally granted the status. These included the [[Tsugaru clan]] of [[Hirosaki han]], whose lineage was not prestigious enough for such status, and the [[Sakai clan]] and [[Matsura clan]] of [[Obama han]] and [[Hirado han]] respectively, who each controlled an entire province but were not considered ''kunimochi''.<ref>Ravina, 20.</ref>

The term was also employed in the [[Muromachi period]], but in a different fashion. ''[[Shugo]]'' ("governors") of domains in Muromachi Japan were expected to use ''kunimochi'' individuals as their intermediaries when communicating with the [[Ashikaga shogunate]]. The ''kunimochi'' at this time were much fewer: the [[Hosokawa clan]] were the ''kunimochi'' for the [[Kanto region|Kantô region]] and [[Shikoku]], the [[Yamana clan]] were ''kunimochi'' for [[Ise province|Ise]], [[Kai province|Kai]], and [[Suruga province]]s, and the [[Hatakeyama clan]] were the ''kunimochi'' for [[Shinano province|Shinano]], [[Echigo province|Echigo]], [[Etchu province|Etchû]], and [[Kaga province]]s, while the ''[[Kyushu tandai]]'' served the role for the island of [[Kyushu]].<ref>Brinkley, Frank and Dairoku Kikuchi. ''A history of the Japanese people from the earliest times to the end of the Meiji era''. Encyclopedia Brittanica Co., 1915. p436.</ref>

The term was also employed in the [[Muromachi period]], but in a different fashion. ''[[Shugo]]'' ("governors") of domains in Muromachi Japan were expected to use ''kunimochi'' individuals as their intermediaries when communicating with the [[Ashikaga shogunate]]. The ''kunimochi'' at this time were much fewer: the [[Hosokawa clan]] were the ''kunimochi'' for the [[Kanto region|Kantô region]] and [[Shikoku]], the [[Yamana clan]] were ''kunimochi'' for [[Ise province|Ise]], [[Kai province|Kai]], and [[Suruga province]]s, and the [[Hatakeyama clan]] were the ''kunimochi'' for [[Shinano province|Shinano]], [[Echigo province|Echigo]], [[Etchu province|Etchû]], and [[Kaga province]]s, while the ''[[Kyushu tandai]]'' served the role for the island of [[Kyushu]].<ref>Brinkley, Frank and Dairoku Kikuchi. ''A history of the Japanese people from the earliest times to the end of the Meiji era''. Encyclopedia Brittanica Co., 1915. p436.</ref>

*[[Niwa clan]] of [[Nihonmatsu han]]

*[[Niwa clan]] of [[Nihonmatsu han]]

*[[Date clan]] of [[Uwajima han]]

*[[Date clan]] of [[Uwajima han]]

*[[Tachibana clan]] of [[Yanagawa han]]<ref>Lists of ''kunimochi'' from Ravina, ''Land and Lordship'', 19, citing the mid-18th century ''Zanshû ryûei hikan'' by Kikuchi Yamon, and the 1836 ''Buke kakureishiki'', which omits Tsushima and Kôriyama, and includes instead Morioka and Tsuyama.</ref>

*[[Tachibana clan (samurai)|Tachibana clan]] of [[Yanagawa han]]<ref>Lists of ''kunimochi'' from Ravina, ''Land and Lordship'', 19, citing the mid-18th century ''Zanshû ryûei hikan'' by Kikuchi Yamon, and the 1836 ''Buke kakureishiki'', which omits Tsushima and Kôriyama, and includes instead Morioka and Tsuyama.</ref>

==References==

==References==