Changes

The route got its start in the 1630s, when a samurai from [[Kaga han]] found that it could be as much as three times cheaper to ship rice (or other goods) from the [[Hokuriku]] region (on the Sea of Japan coast) by sea, around [[Shimonoseki]] and through the Inland Sea, rather than as had typically been done up until then, shipping goods to [[Obama]] or [[Tsuruga]], and then transporting them overland, roughly one hundred kilometers, to Osaka. By [[1672]], lighthouses had been constructed along the new "western circuit" route, corvée obligations for seaside villages to provide aid to troubled vessels or sailors had been put into place, charts of the route were available in greater numbers, and navigators/sailors had begun to more regularly ply the route. The amount of rice transported through the Inland Sea increased dramatically, with rice from Kaga alone more than doubling between 1682 and 1691, from 80,000 ''[[koku]]'' to 200,000. Similarly, the Osaka-based warehousing guilds (''[[tonya|ton'ya]]'') handling rice and other goods from these regions grew in number from fewer than 400 merchant operations in the 1670s to as many as 5500 in the 1710s.<ref>Martin Dusinberre, Hard Times in the Hometown: A History of Community Survival in Modern Japan, University of Hawaii Press (2012), 25.</ref>

The route got its start in the 1630s, when a samurai from [[Kaga han]] found that it could be as much as three times cheaper to ship rice (or other goods) from the [[Hokuriku]] region (on the Sea of Japan coast) by sea, around [[Shimonoseki]] and through the Inland Sea, rather than as had typically been done up until then, shipping goods to [[Obama]] or [[Tsuruga]], and then transporting them overland, roughly one hundred kilometers, to Osaka. By [[1672]], lighthouses had been constructed along the new "western circuit" route, corvée obligations for seaside villages to provide aid to troubled vessels or sailors had been put into place, charts of the route were available in greater numbers, and navigators/sailors had begun to more regularly ply the route. The amount of rice transported through the Inland Sea increased dramatically, with rice from Kaga alone more than doubling between 1682 and 1691, from 80,000 ''[[koku]]'' to 200,000. Similarly, the Osaka-based warehousing guilds (''[[tonya|ton'ya]]'') handling rice and other goods from these regions grew in number from fewer than 400 merchant operations in the 1670s to as many as 5500 in the 1710s.<ref>Martin Dusinberre, Hard Times in the Hometown: A History of Community Survival in Modern Japan, University of Hawaii Press (2012), 25.</ref>

While the Western Circuit was employed both by ships on official domain business, and those engaging in private enterprise, the term ''kitamaebune'', strictly speaking, refers only to the latter. Whereas previously merchant shippers would hire out their shipping services to ''daimyô'', to carry the ''daimyô's'' official cargoes to Osaka, ''kitamaebune'' operators bought the cargoes themselves, and sold them at [[Sakai]] for a profit. Merchants first began engaging in such operations in [[1778]].<ref>Dusinberre, 26.</ref>

While the Western Circuit was employed both by ships on official domain business, and those engaging in private enterprise, the term ''kitamaebune'', strictly speaking, refers only to the latter. Whereas previously merchant shippers would hire out their shipping services to ''daimyô'', to carry the ''daimyô's'' official cargoes to Osaka, ''kitamaebune'' operators bought the cargoes themselves, and sold them at [[Sakai]] for a profit. Merchants first began engaging in such operations in [[1778]], making considerable profits off differentials between the prices in the major ports and in the provinces for a given good.<ref>Dusinberre, 26.</ref> In other words, they would buy cargoes cheaply in the provinces, and then sell them at the higher prices that were standard in Osaka or other ports. These operations took a serious hit in the early Meiji period as [[telegraph]] technology allowed much swifter communications between the cities and the provinces, leading to a collapse of price differentials.<ref>Dusinberre, 34.</ref>

The ships themselves included ''[[sengokubune]]'' (ships capable of carrying 1,000 ''[[koku]]'' of rice), as well as ''[[benzaisen]]'' and ''[[donguri-bune]]''. Originally, the ships traveling this route carried roughly 200-500 ''koku'' worth of goods, but by the Meiji period, a class of ships carrying up to 2000 ''koku'' worth of goods came onto the scene.

The ships themselves included ''[[sengokubune]]'' (ships capable of carrying 1,000 ''[[koku]]'' of rice), as well as ''[[benzaisen]]'' and ''[[donguri-bune]]''. Originally, the ships traveling this route carried roughly 200-500 ''koku'' worth of goods, but by the Meiji period, a class of ships carrying up to 2000 ''koku'' worth of goods came onto the scene. Some ''kitamaebune'' operators were able to invest in these larger [[steamships]], but most were unable to afford such a massive capital investment, and quickly began to lose out to corporations such as [[Mitsubishi]], which came to dominate the shipping industry.<ref>Dusinberre, 34-35.</ref>

Goods from Hokkaidô which were brought to the Sea of Japan coast ports, Inland Sea, and Osaka were chiefly marine goods, including herring, [[konbu]] (seaweed), and the like. These goods then circulated further throughout the archipelago, making it even as far as [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû]], and via Ryûkyû, to China, as [[tribute]] goods. Meanwhile, goods traveling in the other direction, from Osaka and elsewhere to the Inland Sea, the Sea of Japan coastal ports, and Hokkaidô, included rice, salt, textiles, and saké, as well as [[Chinese medicine]] ingredients obtained from China via Ryûkyû.

Goods from Hokkaidô which were brought to the Sea of Japan coast ports, Inland Sea, and Osaka were chiefly marine goods, including herring, [[konbu]] (seaweed), and the like. These goods then circulated further throughout the archipelago, making it even as far as [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû]], and via Ryûkyû, to China, as [[tribute]] goods. Meanwhile, goods traveling in the other direction, from Osaka and elsewhere to the Inland Sea, the Sea of Japan coastal ports, and Hokkaidô, included rice, salt, textiles, and saké, as well as [[Chinese medicine]] ingredients obtained from China via Ryûkyû.