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→Heian Period 平安時代The period of rule by the imperial court from Heian-kyô 平安京, that is, Kyoto.
Japanese Era Names and Dates by Ages and Period
''' Japanese Era Names and Dates by Ages and Period
'''
The most common method of dating years in Japan has been by using era names (nengô 年号) such as Genki 3 (元亀三年) [1572] or Heisei 19 (平成十九年) [2007]. <ref>To find the western equivalent of a year expressed in terms of eras, use: [start date] + [year of period] -1. Thus Keichô 5 (慶長五年) = 1596 +5 -1 =1600. </ref> The starts and the names of the eras are determined by the imperial court.<ref>"Private eras" （私年号) are occasionally found in literature or on artifacts. For a list of the major ones see the [[Kojien Dictionary|Kôjien]].</ref>
The following is a list of the date of the start of the Japanese eras in chronological order. Note that not all alternate readings of era names have been indicated. For more information read the article on [[Year dates]].
"Periods" and "ages" are determined by historians. The general periods are pretty much agreed upon, but usually the start or end involved several pivotal events which could reasonally be said to demarcate the period. For more information, see the notes. Some vague "periods" such as the Sengoku Period <ref>戦国時代, "Period of the Warring Nation" or "Warring Provinces." Start: [[Onin War|Ônin War]] ([[1477]]), [[Hojo Soun|Hôjô Sôun's]] invasion of [[Izu province]] ([[1493]]), or somewhere between; end: [[Oda Nobunaga]]'s entrance into [[Kyoto]] ([[1568]]), [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]'s unification of the country (with the defeat of the [[Go-Hojo clan|Go-Hôjô clan]] [[1590]]), [[Siege of Osaka Castle|fall of Osaka Castle]] ([[1615]]). </ref> are not listed. For periods of art history, see Nelson's ''Dictionary''.
==Ancient Age 古代 (--1185)==
==Ancient Age 古代 (--1185)==
===Asuka/Yamato Period 飛鳥／大和 時代===
===Asuka/Yamato Period 飛鳥／大和 時代===
*[[645]] 大化 Taika
*[[645]]-[[645]] 大化 Taika
*[[650]] 白雉 Hakuchi
*[[650]]-[[654]]? 白雉 Hakuchi
*[[686]] 朱鳥 Shuchô
*[[686]]-[[686]]? 朱鳥 Shuchô
*[[701]] 大宝 Taihô
*[[701]]-[[704]] 大宝 Taihô
*[[704]] 慶雲 Keiun
*[[704]]-[[708]] 慶雲 Keiun
*[[708]] 和銅 Wadô
*[[708]]-[[715]] 和銅 Wadô
===Nara/Yamato Period 奈良／大和 時代===
===Nara/Yamato Period 奈良／大和 時代 (710-794)<ref> The period of rule by the imperial court from [[Nara]] 奈良 in [[Yamato province]]. Ususally the period from [[784]] to [[794]] when the capital was in [[Nagaoka-kyo|Nagaoko-kyô]] 長岡京 in [[Yamashiro province]] is also included.</ref>===
*[[715]] 霊亀 Reiki
*[[715]] 霊亀 Reiki
*[[770]] 宝亀 Hôki
*[[770]] 宝亀 Hôki
*[[781]] 天応 Ten'ô
*[[781]] 天応 Ten'ô
*[[782]] 延暦 Enryaku=
*[[782]] 延暦 Enryaku
===Heian Period 平安時代===
===Heian Period 平安時代<ref>The period of rule by the imperial court from Heian-kyô 平安京, that is, [[Kyoto]].</ref>===
*[[806]] 大同 Daidô
*[[806]] 大同 Daidô
*[[985]] 寛和 Kanna
*[[985]] 寛和 Kanna
*[[987]] 永延 Eien
*[[987]] 永延 Eien
*[[988]] 永祚 Eiso
*[[989]] 永祚 Eiso
*[[990]] 正暦 Shôryaku ''(also read as Jôryaku or Shôreki)''
*[[990]] 正暦 Shôryaku ''(also read as Jôryaku or Shôreki)''
*[[995]] 長徳 Chôtoku
*[[995]] 長徳 Chôtoku
==Middle Ages 中世 (1185-1573)==
==Middle Ages 中世 (1185-1573)==
===Kamakura Period 鎌倉時代 (1185-1333)===
===Kamakura Period 鎌倉時代 (1185-1333)<ref>The period of rule by the shogunate from Kamakura. Start: establishment of the shogunate by [[Minamoto Yoritomo]] ([[1185]]), end: end of the Kamakura shogunate ([[1333]])</ref>===
*[[1185]] 文治 Bunji
*[[1185]] 文治 Bunji
*[[1329]] 元徳 Gentoku
*[[1329]] 元徳 Gentoku
*[[1331]] 元弘 Genkô
*[[1331]] 元弘 Genkô
===Muromachi Period 室町時代 (1333-1573)===
===Muromachi Period 室町時代 (1333-1573)<ref>The period of the rule of the Ashikaga shoguns from Muromachi in Kyoto. Start: end of the Kamakura Period ([[1333]]), start of the Ashikaga Shogunate ([[1336]]); end: virtual loss of power by the shogunate ([[1377]]), expulsion of the last Ashikaga shogun ([[1573]])</ref>===
====Nanbokucho Period 南北朝時代 (1336-1392)====
====Nanbokucho Period 南北朝時代 (1336-1392)====
At the present the southern court is officially considered to have been the legitimate court, and thus the southern court era names are considered the official ones. However, most of the country used the northern era names.
=====Southern Court=====
=====Southern Court=====
*[[1334]] 建武 Kemmu
*[[1336]] 延元 Engen
*[[1336]] 延元 Engen
*[[1340]] 興国 Kôkoku
*[[1340]] 興国 Kôkoku
=====Northern Court=====
=====Northern Court=====
*[[1332]] 正慶 Shôkei
*[[1332]] 正慶 Shôkei ''(also read as Shôkyô)''
* (Northern court not in existence between 1333 and 1336)
* (Northern court not in existence between 1333 and 1336)
*[[1338]] 暦応 Ryakuô
*[[1338]] 暦応 Ryakuô
*[[1342]] 康永 Kôei
*[[1342]] 康永 Kôei
*[[1345]] 貞和 Jôwa
*[[1345]] 貞和 Jôwa
*[[1350]] 観応 Kannô ''(also read as Kan'ô)''
*[[1352]] 文和 Bunna
*[[1356]] 延文 Enbun
*[[1361]] 康安 Kôan
*[[1362]] 貞治 Jôji
*[[1368]] 応安 Ôan
*[[1375]] 永和 Eiwa
*[[1379]] 康暦 Kôryaku
*[[1381]] 永徳 Eitoku
*[[1384]] 至徳 Shitoku
*[[1387]] 嘉慶 Kakei
*[[1389]] 康応 Kôô
*[[1390]] 明徳 Meitoku
====Rest of Muromachi Period====
====Rest of Muromachi Period====
*[[1394]] 応永 Ôei
*[[1428]] 正長 Shôchô
*[[1429]] 永享 Eikyô
*[[1441]] 嘉吉 Kakitsu
*[[1444]] 文安 Bun'an ''(also read as Bunnan)''
*[[1449]] 宝徳 Hôtoku
*[[1452]] 享徳 Kyôtoku
*[[1455]] 康正 Kôshô
*[[1457]] 長禄 Chôroku
*[[1460]] 寛正 Kanshô
*[[1466]] 文正 Bunshô
*[[1467]] 応仁 ônin
*[[1469]] 文明 Bunmei
*[[1487]] 長享 Chôkyô
*[[1489]] 延徳 Entoku
*[[1492]] 明応 Meiô
*[[1501]] 文亀 Bunki
*[[1504]] 永正 Eishô
*[[1521]] 大永 Daiei
*[[1528]] 享禄 Kyôroku
*[[1532]] 天文 Tenbun
*[[1555]] 弘治 Kôji
*[[1558]] 永禄 Eiroku
*[[1570]] 元亀 Genki
==Early Modern Age 近世 (1573-1868)==
==Early Modern Age 近世 (1573-1868)==
===Azuchi-Momoyama 安土桃山 (1573-1603)===
===Azuchi-Momoyama 安土桃山 (1573-1603) <ref>Period of rule by [[Oda Nobunaga]] from [[Azuchi castle]] and by [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] from [[Fushimi castle]] in Momoyama, Kyoto. Start: Nobunaga's entry into Kyoto ([[1568]]), expulsion of the last [[Ashikaga shogun]] ([[1573]]); end: [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]]'s victory at the [[Battle of Sekigahara]] ([[1600]]), establishment of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] ([[1603]]), [[Osaka Campaigns|fall of Osaka Castle]] ([[1615]])</ref>===
===Edo Period 江戸時代 (1603-1868)===
*[[1573]] 天正 Tenshô
*[[1592]] 文禄 Bunroku
*[[1596]] 慶長 Keichô
===Edo Period 江戸時代 (1603-1868)<ref>The period of the rule of the Tokugawa shoguns from [[Edo]]. Start: [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]]'s victory at the [[Battle of Sekigahara]] ([[1600]]), esablishment of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] ([[1603]]), [[Osaka Campaign|fall of Osaka Castle]] ([[1615]]); end: resignation of the last Tokugawa shogun ([[1867]]), start of the Meiji government ([[1868]]). The "Early Edo Period" ended with the death of [[Tokugawa Iemitsu]] in [[1651]].</ref>===
*[[1615]] 元和 Genna
*[[1624]] 寛永 Kan'ei
*[[1644]] 正保 Shôhô
*[[1648]] 慶安 Keian
*[[1652]] 承応 Jôô
*[[1655]] 明暦 Meireki
*[[1658]] 万治 Manji
*[[1661]] 寛文 Kanbun
*[[1673]] 延宝 Enpô
*[[1681]] 天和 Tenna
*[[1684]] 貞享 Jôkyô
*[[1688]] 元禄 Genroku
*[[1704]] 宝永 Hôei
*[[1711]] 正徳 Shôtoku
*[[1716]] 享保 Kyôhô
*[[1736]] 元文 Genbun
*[[1741]] 寛保 Kanpô
*[[1744]] 延享 Enkyô
*[[1748]] 寛延 Kan'en
*[[1751]] 宝暦 Hôreki ''(also Hôryaku)''
*[[1764]] 明和 Meiwa
*[[1772]] 安永 An'ei
*[[1781]] 天明 Tenmei
*[[1789]] 寛政 Kansei
*[[1801]] 享和 Kyôwa
*[[1804]] 文化 Bunka
*[[1818]] 文政 Bunsei
*[[1830]] 天保 Tenpô
*[[1844]] 弘化 Kôka
*[[1848]] 嘉永 Kaei
====Bakumatsu Period 幕末 <ref> "End of the Shogunate." The period from the arrival of [[Matthew Perry]] in [[1853]] to the end of the [[Boshin War]] and the establishment of the Meiji government in [[1868]].</ref>====
*[[1854]] 安政 Ansei
*[[1860]] 万延 Man'en
*[[1861]] 文久 Bunkyû
*[[1864]] 元治 Genji
*[[1865]] 慶応 Keiô
==Modern Age 近代 (1868-1945) ==
==Modern Age 近代 (1868-1945) ==
*[[1868]] 明治 Meiji
*[[1912]] 大正 Taishô
*[[1926]] 昭和 Shôwa
==Present 現代 (1945--) ==
==Present 現代 (1945--) ==
*[[1989]] 平成 Heisei
Note that the last four eras are sometimes abbreviated as M., T., S., or H.
== Alphabetical list of Nengô ==
{|
|-
|An'ei||安永||[[1772]]
|-
|Angen||安元||[[1175]]
|-
|Anna||安和||[[968]]
|-
|Ansei||安政||[[1854]]
|-
|Antei||安貞||[[1227]]
|-
|Bun'an||文安||[[1444]]
|-
|Bunchû||文中||[[1372]]
|-
|Bun'ei||文永||[[1264]]
|-
|Bunji||文治||[[1185]]
|-
|Bunka||文化||[[1804]]
|-
|Bunki||文亀||[[1501]]
|-
|Bunkyû||文久||[[1861]]
|-
|Bunmei||文明||[[1469]]
|-
|Bunna||文和||[[1352]]
|-
|Bun'ô||文応||[[1260]]
|-
|Bunpô||文保||[[1317]]
|-
|Bunroku||文禄||[[1592]]
|-
|Bunryaku||文暦||[[1234]]
|-
|Bunsei||文政||[[1818]]
|-
|Bunshô||文正||[[1466]]
|-
|Chôgen||長元||[[1028]]
|-
|Chôhô||長保||[[999]]
|-
|Chôji||長治||[[1104]]
|-
|Chôkan||長寛||[[1163]]
|-
|Chôkyô||長享||[[1487]]
|-
|Chôkyû||長久||[[1040]]
|-
|Chôroku||長禄||[[1457]]
|-
|Chôryaku||長暦||[[1037]]
|-
|Chôshô||長承||[[1132]]
|-
|Chôtoku||長徳||[[995]]
|-
|Chôwa||長和||[[1012]]
|-
|Daidô||大同||[[806]]
|-
|Daiei||大永||[[1521]]
|-
|Daiji||大治||[[1126]]
|-
|Eichô||永長||[[1096]]
|-
|Eien||永延||[[987]]
|-
|Eihô||永保||[[1081]]
|-
|Eiji||永治||[[1141]]
|-
|Eikan||永観||[[983]]
|-
|Eikyô||永享||[[1429]]
|-
|Eikyû||永久||[[1113]]
|-
|Eiman||永万||[[1165]]
|-
|Einin||永仁||[[1293]]
|-
|Eiroku||永禄||[[1558]]
|-
|Eiryaku||永暦||[[1160]]
|-
|Eishô||永承||[[1046]]
|-
|Eishô||永正||[[1504]]
|-
|Eiso||永祚||[[988]]
|-
|Eitoku||永徳||[[1381]]
|-
|Eiwa||永和||[[1375]]
|-
|Enbun||延文||[[1356]]
|-
|Enchô||延長||[[923]]
|-
|Engen||延元||[[1336]]
|-
|Engi||延喜||[[901]]
|-
|Enkei||延慶||[[1308]]
|-
|Enkyô||延享||[[1744]]
|-
|Enkyû||延久||[[1069]]
|-
|En'ô||延応||[[1239]]
|-
|Enpô||延宝||[[1673]]
|-
|Enryaku||延暦||[[782]]
|-
|Entoku||延徳||[[1489]]
|-
|Gangyô||元慶||[[877]]
|-
|Genbun||元文||[[1736]]
|-
|Genchû||元中||[[1384]]
|-
|Gen'ei||元永||[[1118]]
|-
|Genji||元治||[[1864]]
|-
|Genki||元亀||[[1570]]
|-
|Genkô||元弘||[[1331]]
|-
|Genkyô||元亨||[[1321]]
|-
|Genkyû||元久||[[1204]]
|-
|Genna||元和||[[1615]]
|-
|Gennin||元仁||[[1224]]
|-
|Gen'ô||元応||[[1319]]
|-
|Genroku||元禄||[[1688]]
|-
|Genryaku||元暦||[[1184]]
|-
|Gentoku||元徳||[[1329]]
|-
|Hakuchi||白雉||[[650]]
|-
|Heiji||平治||[[1159]]
|-
|Heisei||平成||[[1989]]
|-
|Hôan||保安||[[1120]]
|-
|Hôei||宝永||[[1704]]
|-
|Hôen||保延||[[1135]]
|-
|Hôgen||保元||[[1156]]
|-
|Hôji||宝治||[[1247]]
|-
|Hôki||宝亀||[[770]]
|-
|Hôreki||宝暦||[[1751]]
|-
|Hôtoku||宝徳||[[1449]]
|-
|Jian||治安||[[1021]]
|-
|Jingo-<br> keiun||神護景雲||[[767]]
|-
|Jinki||神亀||[[724]]
|-
|Jiryaku||治暦||[[1065]]
|-
|Jishô||治承||[[1177]]
|-
|Jôan||承安||[[1171]]
|-
|Jôei||貞永||[[1232]]
|-
|Jôgan||貞観||[[859]]
|-
|Jôgen||承元||[[1207]]
|-
|Jôgen||貞元||[[976]]
|-
|Jôhei||承平||[[931]]
|-
|Jôhô||承保||[[1074]]
|-
|Jôji||貞治||[[1362]]
|-
|Jôkyô||貞享||[[1684]]
|-
|Jôkyû||承久||[[1219]]
|-
|Jôô||貞応||[[1222]]
|-
|Jôô||承応||[[1652]]
|-
|Jôryaku||承暦||[[1077]]
|-
|Jôtoku||承徳||[[1097]]
|-
|Jôwa||貞和||[[1345]]
|-
|Jôwa||承和||[[834]]
|-
|Juei||寿永||[[1182]]
|-
|Kaei||嘉永||[[1848]]
|-
|Kagen||嘉元||[[1303]]
|-
|Kahô||嘉保||[[1094]]
|-
|Kajô||嘉承||[[1106]]
|-
|Kajô||嘉祥||[[848]]
|-
|Kakei||嘉慶||[[1387]]
|-
|Kakitsu||嘉吉||[[1441]]
|-
|Kanbun||寛文||[[1661]]
|-
|Kan'ei||寛永||[[1624]]
|-
|Kan'en||寛延||[[1748]]
|-
|Kangen||寛元||[[1243]]
|-
|Kanji||寛治||[[1087]]
|-
|Kanki||寛喜||[[1229]]
|-
|Kankô||寛弘||[[1004]]
|-
|Kanna||寛和||[[985]]
|-
|Kannin||寛仁||[[1017]]
|-
|Kannô||観応||[[1350]]
|-
|Kanpô||寛保||[[1741]]
|-
|Kanpyô||寛平||[[889]]
|-
|Kansei||寛政||[[1789]]
|-
|Kanshô||寛正||[[1460]]
|-
|Kantoku||寛徳||[[1044]]
|-
|Kaô||嘉応||[[1169]]
|-
|Karoku||嘉禄||[[1225]]
|-
|Karyaku||嘉暦||[[1326]]
|-
|Katei||嘉禎||[[1235]]
|-
|Keian||慶安||[[1648]]
|-
|Keichô||慶長||[[1596]]
|-
|Keiô||慶応||[[1865]]
|-
|Keiun||慶雲||[[704]]
|-
|Kemmu||建武||[[1334]]
|-
|Kenchô||建長||[[1249]]
|-
|Ken'ei||建永||[[1206]]
|-
|Kengen||乾元||[[1302]]
|-
|Kenji||建治||[[1275]]
|-
|Kenkyû||建久||[[1190]]
|-
|Kennin||建仁||[[1201]]
|-
|Kenpô]||建保||[[1213]]
|-
|Kenryaku||建暦||[[1211]]
|-
|Kentoku||建徳||[[1370]]
|-
|Kôan||弘安||[[1278]]
|-
|Kôan||康安||[[1361]]
|-
|Kôcho||弘長||[[1261]]
|-
|Kôei||康永||[[1342]]
|-
|Kôgen||康元||[[1256]]
|-
|Kôhei||康平||[[1058]]
|-
|Kôhô||康保||[[964]]
|-
|Kôji||康治||[[1142]]
|-
|Kôji||弘治||[[1555]]
|-
|Kôka||弘化||[[1844]]
|-
|Kôkoku||興国||[[1340]]
|-
|Kônin||弘仁||[[810]]
|-
|Kôô||康応||[[1389]]
|-
|Kôryaku||康暦||[[1379]]
|-
|Kôshô||康正||[[1455]]
|-
|Kôwa||康和||[[1099]]
|-
|Kôwa||弘和||[[1381]]
|-
|Kyôhô||享保||[[1716]]
|-
|Kyôroku||享禄||[[1528]]
|-
|Kyôtoku||享徳||[[1452]]
|-
|Kyôwa||享和||[[1801]]
|-
|Kyûan||久安||[[1145]]
|-
|Kyûju||久寿||[[1154]]
|-
|Man'en||万延||[[1860]]
|-
|Manji||万治||[[1658]]
|-
|Manju||万寿||[[1024]]
|-
|Meiji||明治||[[1868]]
|-
|Meiô||明応||[[1492]]
|-
|Meireki||明暦||[[1655]]
|-
|Meitoku||明徳||[[1390]]
|-
|Meiwa||明和||[[1764]]
|-
|Ninji||仁治||[[1240]]
|-
|Ninju||仁寿||[[851]]
|-
|Ninna||仁和||[[885]]
|-
|Ninnan||仁安||[[1166]]
|-
|Ninpei||仁平||[[1151]]
|-
|Ôan||応安||[[1368]]
|-
|Ôchô||応長||[[1311]]
|-
|Ôei||応永||[[1394]]
|-
|Ôhô||応保||[[1161]]
|-
|Ônin||応仁||[[1467]]
|-
|Ôtoku||応徳||[[1084]]
|-
|Ôwa||応和||[[961]]
|-
|Reiki||霊亀||[[715]]
|-
|Ryakunin||暦仁||[[1238]]
|-
|Ryakuô||暦応||[[1338]]
|-
|Saikô||斉衡||[[854]]
|-
|Shitoku||至徳||[[1384]]
|-
|Shôan||正安||[[1299]]
|-
|Shôchô||正長||[[1428]]
|-
|Shôchû||正中||[[1324]]
|-
|Shôgen||正元||[[1259]]
|-
|Shôhei||正平||[[1346]]
|-
|Shôhô||正保||[[1644]]
|-
|Shôji||正治||[[1199]]
|-
|Shôka||正嘉||[[1257]]
|-
|Shôkei||正慶||[[1332]]
|-
|Shôô||正応||[[1288]]
|-
|Shôryaku||正暦||[[990]]
|-
|Shôtai||昌泰||[[898]]
|-
|Shôtoku||正徳||[[1711]]
|-
|Shôwa||正和||[[1312]]
|-
|Shôwa||昭和||[[1926]]
|-
|Shuchô||朱鳥||[[686]]
|-
|Taihô||大宝||[[701]]
|-
|Taika||大化||[[645]]
|-
|Taishô||大正||[[1912]]
|-
|Tenbun||天文||[[1532]]
|-
|Tenchô||天長||[[824]]
|-
|Ten'ei||天永||[[1110]]
|-
|Ten'en||天延||[[973]]
|-
|Tengen||天元||[[978]]
|-
|Tengi||天喜||[[1053]]
|-
|Tengyô||天慶||[[938]]
|-
|Tenji||天治||[[1124]]
|-
|Tenju||天授||[[1375]]
|-
|Tenmei||天明||[[1781]]
|-
|Tenna||天和||[[1681]]
|-
|Tennan||天安||[[857]]
|-
|Tennin||天仁||[[1108]]
|-
|Ten'ô||天応||[[781]]
|-
|Tenpô||天保||[[1830]]
|-
|Tenpuku||天福||[[1233]]
|-
|Tenpyô||天平||[[729]]
|-
|Tenpyô- <br> hôji||天平宝字||[[757]]
|-
|Tenpyô- <br> jingo||天平神護||[[765]]
|-
|Tenpyô- <br> kanpô||天平感宝||[[749]]
|-
|Tenpyô- <br> shôhô||天平勝宝||[[749]]
|-
|Tenroku||天禄||[[970]]
|-
|Tenryaku||天暦||[[947]]
|-
|Tenshô||天正||[[1573]]
|-
|Tenshô]||天承||[[1131]]
|-
|Tentoku||天徳||[[957]]
|-
|Ten'yô||天養||[[1144]]
|-
|Tokuji||徳治||[[1306]]
|-
|Wadô||和銅||[[708]]
|-
|Yôrô||養老||[[717]]
|-
|Yôwa||養和||[[1181]]
|}
==Notes==
<References/>
==References==
* Nelson, A. N., ''The Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary'', Rev. ed., Tuttle, 1966.
* ''[[Kojien Dictionary|Kôjien Dictionary]]''
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[[Category:Resource Articles]]
[[Category:Timeline]]
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