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[[So Yoshitoshi|Sô Yoshitoshi]] and [[Konishi Yukinaga]] led the first landing parties, a massive force of some 700 ships, who quickly took Pusan.<ref>Morgan Pitelka, ''Spectacular Accumulation'', University of Hawaii Press (2016), 76.; Note that less than 20 years later, it took only 100 ships-full of [[Shimazu clan]] warriors to take the entire [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]].</ref> The samurai enjoyed early successes, gaining considerable territory and visiting considerable destruction upon the landscape.<ref>[[Albert M. Craig]], ''The Heritage of Japanese Civilization'', Second Edition, Prentice Hall (2011), 64.</ref>

[[So Yoshitoshi|Sô Yoshitoshi]] and [[Konishi Yukinaga]] led the first landing parties, a massive force of some 700 ships, who quickly took Pusan.<ref>Morgan Pitelka, ''Spectacular Accumulation'', University of Hawaii Press (2016), 76.; Note that less than 20 years later, it took only 100 ships-full of [[Shimazu clan]] warriors to take the entire [[Ryukyu Kingdom|Ryûkyû Kingdom]].</ref> The samurai enjoyed early successes, gaining considerable territory and visiting considerable destruction upon the landscape.<ref>[[Albert M. Craig]], ''The Heritage of Japanese Civilization'', Second Edition, Prentice Hall (2011), 64.</ref>

However, by the next year, Korean admiral [[Yi Sun-sin]] led the Korean navy to begin cutting off Japanese supply lines, blocking Japanese access to the west side of the peninsula (thus preventing them from attacking from both east and west), and protecting the land routes into Korea from China from Japanese interference.<ref name=pitelka76>Pitelka, 76-78.</ref> Yi's famous "[[turtle ships]]" won victories in three particularly decisive naval battles, including especially the [[Battle of Hansando]], regaining control of the sea lanes from the Japanese, and the [[Ming Dynasty]] sent considerable forces under the command of [[Li Rusong]]<!--李如松--> to aid the Koreans further.

However, by the next year, Korean admiral [[Yi Sun-sin]] led the Korean navy to begin cutting off Japanese supply lines, blocking Japanese access to the west side of the peninsula (thus preventing them from attacking from both east and west), and protecting the land routes into Korea from China from Japanese interference.<ref name=pitelka76>Pitelka, 76-78.</ref> Yi's famous "[[turtle ships]]" won victories in three particularly decisive naval battles, including especially the [[Battle of Hansando]], regaining control of the sea lanes from the Japanese, and the [[Ming Dynasty]] sent some 40,000 troops under the command of [[Li Rusong]]<!--李如松--> to aid the Koreans further, beginning in 1593/1. By the Fourth Month, the fighting had reached a stalemate, and Hideyoshi's armies began to withdraw.<ref name=akamine60>Akamine Mamoru, Lina Terrell (trans.), Robert Huey (ed.), ''The Ryukyu Kingdom: Cornerstone of East Asia'', University of Hawaii Press (2017), 60.</ref>

On [[1593]]/5/23, Hideyoshi received a Ming ambassador at Hizen Nagoya, and by 6/28 secured a truce with the Ming. Portions of southern Korean remained under samurai control for the time being, with some 70,000 warriors remaining stationed there, but a number of warlords also pulled out their forces and returned to Japan. Hideyoshi returned to Osaka at the end of the 6th month, and Ieyasu to [[Edo]] in the 10th month.<ref name=pitelka76/>

On [[1593]]/5/23, Hideyoshi received a Ming ambassador at Hizen Nagoya, and by 6/28 secured a truce with the Ming. Portions of southern Korean remained under samurai control for the time being, with some 70,000 warriors remaining stationed there, but a number of warlords also pulled out their forces and returned to Japan.<ref name=pitelka76/> The Ming court agreed to allow legal trade with Japan without Japan being obligated to enter into a [[tribute|tributary]] relationship with China.<ref name=akamine60/> Hideyoshi returned to Osaka at the end of the 6th month, and Ieyasu to [[Edo]] in the 10th month.<ref name=pitelka76/>

Japanese troops remained in Korea until [[1596]], when Hideyoshi met with two Ming ambassadors at [[Osaka castle]].<ref name=pitelka76/> In the end, the Japanese invasion was ultimately pushed out of the peninsula entirely.

Japanese troops remained in Korea until [[1596]], when Hideyoshi met with two Ming ambassadors at [[Osaka castle]].<ref name=pitelka76/> In the end, the Japanese invasion was ultimately pushed out of the peninsula entirely.

==Second Invasion (Keichô no eki)==

==Second Invasion (Keichô no eki)==

The second invasion attempt, launched in 1597, was terminated and abandoned following the death of Hideyoshi, who had remained in Japan throughout both invasions.

The breakdown of peace negotiations with the Joseon Court led to Hideyoshi launching a second invasion in 1597. Some 140,000 warriors were sent to Korea in 1597/2.<ref name=akamine61>Akamine, 61.</ref>

In [[1598]], a Shimazu force of several thousand defeated a Ming force ten times its size in the [[battle of Sacheon]]. Later that year, Shimazu forces played a prominent role in the naval [[battle of Noryang]], in which the Korean admiral Yi Sun-sin was killed.<ref name=shimazu/>

 

In [[1598]], a Shimazu force of several thousand defeated a Ming force ten times its size in the [[battle of Sacheon]]. Later that year, Shimazu forces played a prominent role in the naval [[battle of Noryang]], in which the Korean admiral Yi Sun-sin was killed.<ref name=shimazu/> Nevertheless, the invasion was ultimately terminated and abandoned following the death of Hideyoshi, who had remained in Japan throughout, in 1598/8. Japanese troops were completely withdrawn from Korea by the end of that year.<ref name=akamine61/>

==Aftermath==

==Aftermath==

Repatriation of captives became one of the key Korean demands in negotiations to reopen trade and diplomatic relations in the following decades. Such negotiations were at the center of three Korean embassies to Japan between [[1607]] and [[1624]], as well as two in [[1636]] and [[1643]]. In the end, only around 7500 Koreans were repatriated.<ref name=naito>Arano Yasunori. "The Formation of a Japanocentric World Order." ''International Journal of Asian Studies'' 2:2 (2005). p197. citing Naitô Shunpô. "''Jinshin-teiyû eki ni okeru hiryo Chôsenjin no sakkan mondai ni tsuite''" 壬申丁酉役における被慮朝鮮人の刷還問題について [The Repatriation of Korean Captives of Hideyoshi's Invasions]. Parts 1-3. ''Chôsen gakuhô'' 29 (1963), 33 (1964), 34 (1965).</ref>

Repatriation of captives became one of the key Korean demands in negotiations to reopen trade and diplomatic relations in the following decades. Such negotiations were at the center of three Korean embassies to Japan between [[1607]] and [[1624]], as well as two in [[1636]] and [[1643]]. In the end, only around 7500 Koreans were repatriated.<ref name=naito>Arano Yasunori. "The Formation of a Japanocentric World Order." ''International Journal of Asian Studies'' 2:2 (2005). p197. citing Naitô Shunpô. "''Jinshin-teiyû eki ni okeru hiryo Chôsenjin no sakkan mondai ni tsuite''" 壬申丁酉役における被慮朝鮮人の刷還問題について [The Repatriation of Korean Captives of Hideyoshi's Invasions]. Parts 1-3. ''Chôsen gakuhô'' 29 (1963), 33 (1964), 34 (1965).</ref>

==Historical materials==

==Historical materials==