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''Caixa'' were [[copper]] coins produced by the Portuguese at [[Macao]] using copper they imported from trade interactions with the Japanese. The coins bore a distinctive square hole.
In the 1640s until [[1688]], these ''caixa'' coins, imported into Vietnam by [[VOC|Dutch]] and Japanese merchants, were the most favored means of exchange in the northern Vietnamese countryside. [[Gold]] and [[silver]] remained the chief mode of exchange in [[Pho Hien]] and other port cities, however.
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==References==
*Geoffrey Gunn, ''History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800'', Hong Kong University Press (2011), 230.
[[Category:Sengoku Period]]
[[Category:Edo Period]]
[[Category:Economics]]
