Changes

===In Okinawa===

===In Okinawa===

Bettelheim departed Portsmouth, England with his wife and daughter on [[1845]]/8/8 (Sept 9), arriving in Hong Kong in January [[1846]]<ref>Roughly, the 12th month of Kôka 2, the lunar year which largely corresponds to [[1845]].</ref> and having a second child aboard ship in the intervening time. The child was named Bernard James Gutzlaff Bettelheim. After roughly four months spent studying Chinese and networking with the local community of British missionaries in order to arrange passage to Okinawa, Bettelheim and his family secured a spot on the British ship ''Starling''. Just prior to leaving Hong Kong, Bettelheim wrote to Lt. [[Herbert John Clifford]], the head of the Loochoo Naval Mission, to ask for additional funds. The expedition was already looking to cost more than twice what Clifford had expected or planned for.

Bettelheim departed Portsmouth, England with his wife Elizabeth and daughter Victoria Rose on [[1845]]/8/8 (Sept 9), arriving in Hong Kong in January [[1846]]<ref>Roughly, the 12th month of Kôka 2, the lunar year which largely corresponds to [[1845]].</ref> and having a second child aboard ship in the intervening time. The child was named Bernard James Gutzlaff Bettelheim. After roughly four months spent studying Chinese and networking with the local community of British missionaries in order to arrange passage to Okinawa, Bettelheim and his family secured a spot on the British ship ''Starling''. Just prior to leaving Hong Kong, Bettelheim wrote to Lt. [[Herbert John Clifford]], the head of the Loochoo Naval Mission, to ask for additional funds. The expedition was already looking to cost more than twice what Clifford had expected or planned for.

The family arrived in Okinawa on [[1846]]/4/6 (May 1), along with the children's teacher and a Chinese assistant, aboard a ship called the ''Starling''.<ref>Ishin Shiryô Kôyô 維新史料綱要, vol 1 (1937), 8.</ref> Christianity was banned in the kingdom at that time, and though initially harbor authorities denied his requests to disembark, Bettelheim got their men drunk, and persuaded them to row him, his family, and their baggage, ashore. Once they arrived, it was too late in the day to send the Bettelheims back to the ''Starling'', and so they were permitted to stay one night in the Buddhist temple of [[Gokoku-ji (Okinawa)|Gokoku-ji]]. Afterwards, Bettelheim simply refused to leave. He forcibly took over the temple, throwing out the monks, along with Buddhist sculptures and anything else he deemed pagan, and proceeded to make the temple his home for the next seven years. His efforts were aided by Ryukyuan reluctance to invade his wife's privacy, and by Bettelheim's repeated threats to bring down the wrath of the British Royal Navy upon the kingdom should they give him too much trouble. It is said that he considered it a Christian victory to deny the locals the use of this pagan temple.

The family arrived in Okinawa on [[1846]]/4/6 (May 1), along with the children's teacher and a Chinese assistant, aboard a ship called the ''Starling''.<ref>Ishin Shiryô Kôyô 維新史料綱要, vol 1 (1937), 8.</ref> Christianity was banned in the kingdom at that time, and though initially harbor authorities denied his requests to disembark, Bettelheim got their men drunk, and persuaded them to row him, his family, and their baggage, ashore. Once they arrived, it was too late in the day to send the Bettelheims back to the ''Starling'', and so they were permitted to stay one night in the Buddhist temple of [[Gokoku-ji (Okinawa)|Gokoku-ji]]. Afterwards, Bettelheim simply refused to leave. He forcibly took over the temple, throwing out the monks, along with Buddhist sculptures and anything else he deemed pagan, and proceeded to make the temple his home for the next seven years. His efforts were aided by Ryukyuan reluctance to invade his wife's privacy, and by Bettelheim's repeated threats to bring down the wrath of the British Royal Navy upon the kingdom should they give him too much trouble. It is said that he considered it a Christian victory to deny the locals the use of this pagan temple.

Bettelheim was finally taken away, to the great relief of the royal government, by Commodore Perry on his second visit to the islands, in 1854. Mrs. Bettelheim and their three children departed Okinawa on 1854/1/11 (Feb 8) aboard the USS ''Supply'' bound for Shanghai. After one last petition from the Ryûkyû government (issued 1854/5/15; July 10) to the commodore insisting that Bettelheim be taken away, the missionary finally departed the island a week later (1854/5/22; July 17) aboard the [[USS Powhatan|USS ''Powhatan'']], alongside Perry aboard the [[USS Mississippi|USS ''Mississippi'']]. Bettelheim took with him as much as he could from the Gokoku-ji "house," and was given back by the Ryûkyû authorities, supposedly, all the money he had "spent" during his time on the island<ref>International commerce outside of those avenues expressly permitted by the lords of [[Satsuma han]] was forbidden in Ryûkyû; when Perry's men tried to pay for food and other goods with American coin, it was always gathered up by Ryukyuan authorities, and most often returned.</ref>, along with mountains of missionizing pamphlets the authorities had seized over the years.

Bettelheim was finally taken away, to the great relief of the royal government, by Commodore Perry on his second visit to the islands, in 1854. Mrs. Bettelheim and their three children departed Okinawa on 1854/1/11 (Feb 8) aboard the USS ''Supply'' bound for Shanghai. After one last petition from the Ryûkyû government (issued 1854/5/15; July 10) to the commodore insisting that Bettelheim be taken away, the missionary finally departed the island a week later (1854/5/22; July 17) aboard the [[USS Powhatan|USS ''Powhatan'']], alongside Perry aboard the [[USS Mississippi|USS ''Mississippi'']]. Bettelheim took with him as much as he could from the Gokoku-ji "house," and was given back by the Ryûkyû authorities, supposedly, all the money he had "spent" during his time on the island<ref>International commerce outside of those avenues expressly permitted by the lords of [[Satsuma han]] was forbidden in Ryûkyû; when Perry's men tried to pay for food and other goods with American coin, it was always gathered up by Ryukyuan authorities, and most often returned.</ref>, along with mountains of missionizing pamphlets the authorities had seized over the years.

Writings by Bettelheim's missionary colleagues at other ports for the most part describe his approach and actions in Okinawa as hindering the cause more than helping it. Despite Bettelheim's horrible behavior, utter and complete lack of respect for Okinawan or Japanese culture and political authority, destruction of sacred objects, etc., a monument was constructed in his memory at the Gokoku-ji in 1926.

Writings by Bettelheim's missionary colleagues at other ports for the most part describe his approach and actions in Okinawa as hindering the cause more than helping it. Despite Bettelheim's horrible behavior, utter and complete lack of respect for Okinawan or Japanese culture and political authority, destruction of sacred objects, etc., a monument was constructed in his memory at the Gokoku-ji in 1926.