Changes

*''Japanese'': 対馬 ''(Tsushima)''

*''Japanese'': 対馬 ''(Tsushima)''

==Ancient Times==

==Ancient Times==

Records in both Chinese and Japanese as old as the ''[[Wei zhi]]'' (c. 300 CE) and ''[[Manyoshu|Man'yôshû]]'' (c. 760s CE) suggest a perception of the island as Japanese.<ref>Robinson, 43.</ref> The construction of [[Kaneta fortress|Kaneta]] [[Korean-style fortresses|fortress]] on the island in [[667]], built explicitly against the potential threat of [[Tang Dynasty|Tang]]-[[Silla]] invasion, indicates that Japanese ([[Yamato state]]) agents extended control to the island at least that early.

Records in both Chinese and Japanese as old as the ''[[Wei zhi]]'' (c. 300 CE) and ''[[Manyoshu|Man'yôshû]]'' (c. 760s CE) suggest a perception of the island as Japanese.<ref>Robinson, 43.</ref> At least one ''[[kofun]]'' has been found on the island. Dated to the 4th-6th century, it is located in the Kechi area of Mitsushima town.

 

The construction of [[Kaneta fortress|Kaneta]] [[Korean-style fortresses|fortress]] on the island in [[667]], built explicitly against the potential threat of [[Tang Dynasty|Tang]]-[[Silla]] invasion, indicates that Japanese ([[Yamato state]]) agents extended control to the island at least that early. Japanese figures traveling to and from the mainland, such as [[Ono no Imoko]] ([[608]]) and [[Saicho|Saichô]] ([[805]]), among others, are known to have anchored or taken lodgings on Tsushima as a stop along those journeys.

==Medieval Period==

==Medieval Period==

For much of the premodern period, the island was generally administered as part of Kyushu (e.g. coming under the purview of the ''[[Chinzei bugyo|Chinzei bugyô]]'' in the [[Kamakura period]]). It is today part of [[Nagasaki prefecture]].

For much of the premodern period, the island was generally administered as part of Kyushu (e.g. coming under the purview of the ''[[Chinzei bugyo|Chinzei bugyô]]'' in the [[Kamakura period]]). It is today part of [[Nagasaki prefecture]].

Due to its prime position along maritime routes, and its peripheral location in both Korean and Japanese states, Tsushima was both a major intermediary point for regional trade, and was on numerous occasions the victim of foreign attacks, including in the 7th, 13th, 14th, 15th, and 19th centuries. Both [[Mongol invasions]] (in 1274 & 1281) visited violence upon the island before moving on to Kyushu. In the 13th-16th centuries, the island was also a major center of [[wako|pirate]] activity. Joseon sent a naval fleet to attack pirate bases on Tsushima in [[1419]], in what is known as the [[Oei Invasion|Ôei Invasion]], claiming that the island had long been Korean territory. When the fighting was over, an envoy claiming to represent the Sô agreed to have the island incorporated into the territory of Korea's Gyeongsang province and to be granted a royal seal as a prefectural governor or administrator, a subject to the king of Joseon. However, the following year, a letter sent to Joseon bearing the name of [[So Sadamori|Sô Sadamori]] contested and rejected this.<ref>Robinson, 45-46.</ref>

Due to its prime position along maritime routes, and its peripheral location in both Korean and Japanese states, Tsushima was both a major intermediary point for regional trade, and was on numerous occasions the victim of foreign attacks, including in the 7th, 11th, 13th, 14th, 15th, and 19th centuries. The [[Toi Invasion]] by [[Jurchens|Jurchen]] pirates in [[1019]], as well as both [[Mongol invasions]] (in 1274 & 1281) visited violence upon the island before moving on to Kyushu. In the 13th-16th centuries, the island was also a major center of [[wako|pirate]] activity. Joseon sent a naval fleet to attack pirate bases on Tsushima in [[1419]], in what is known as the [[Oei Invasion|Ôei Invasion]], claiming that the island had long been Korean territory. When the fighting was over, an envoy claiming to represent the Sô agreed to have the island incorporated into the territory of Korea's Gyeongsang province and to be granted a royal seal as a prefectural governor or administrator, a subject to the king of Joseon. However, the following year, a letter sent to Joseon bearing the name of [[So Sadamori|Sô Sadamori]] contested and rejected this.<ref>Robinson, 45-46.</ref>

Regardless, the island - and the Sô lords - occupied a somewhat mixed status relative to the Joseon kingdom for the rest of the medieval period and into the early modern period. Tsushima continued to be represented as Korean territory on Korean maps. The court dispatched officials to Tsushima on sixteen occasions between [[1392]] to [[1443]]; these were mostly domestic affairs officials, dispatched from the capital to meet with a regional administrator as if Tsushima were a region within Korean territory, though sometimes they were foreign affairs officials.<ref name=robin4950>Robinson, 49-50.</ref> The court also granted the governor of Tsushima the power to grant travel permits and perhaps certain other documents, bearing official authority within Joseon jurisdiction.<ref name=robin4950/> However, conversely, no Korean officials were ever permanently stationed on Tsushima, and little if any orders were ever issued applying Joseon nationwide law or policies to Tsushima as a part of that political territory; to the contrary, the Sô clan and their (Japanese) retainers and others were left to govern and administer the island as they wished.

Regardless, the island - and the Sô lords - occupied a somewhat mixed status relative to the Joseon kingdom for the rest of the medieval period and into the early modern period. Tsushima continued to be represented as Korean territory on Korean maps. The court dispatched officials to Tsushima on sixteen occasions between [[1392]] to [[1443]]; these were mostly domestic affairs officials, dispatched from the capital to meet with a regional administrator as if Tsushima were a region within Korean territory, though sometimes they were foreign affairs officials.<ref name=robin4950>Robinson, 49-50.</ref> The court also granted the governor of Tsushima the power to grant travel permits and perhaps certain other documents, bearing official authority within Joseon jurisdiction.<ref name=robin4950/> Such travel permits were required for anyone traveling between the Korean peninsula and islands such as [[Jeju]] or Tsushima.<ref>Robinson, 53.</ref> However, conversely, no Korean officials were ever permanently stationed on Tsushima, and little if any orders were ever issued applying Joseon nationwide law or policies to Tsushima as a part of that political territory; to the contrary, the Sô clan and their (Japanese) retainers and others were left to govern and administer the island as they wished.

In 1443, the Sô and the Joseon court reached an agreement by which the Sô would act to curb pirate activity, and to ensure that all merchants traveling to Korea were properly licensed (i.e. were not pirates, brigands, or smugglers), in exchange for stipends and trading rights from the Joseon court.<ref>Robert Hellyer, ''Defining Engagement'', Harvard University Press (2009), 31.</ref>

In 1443, the Sô and the Joseon court reached an agreement by which all Japanese travelers to Korea (or Korean waters) were obliged to obtain a travel permit from the Sô. This boosted the prestige and power of the governors of Tsushima, blocking out others who would seek to compete with, or skirt around, Sô authority in the area or the Sô family's exclusive relationship with the Joseon court. It was also attractive to the Joseon court, creating a stronger legal or political basis for discriminating between licensed, authorized, traders and travelers and, on the other hand, those they could prosecute as brigands, pirates, or smugglers.<ref>Robinson, 53.; Robert Hellyer, ''Defining Engagement'', Harvard University Press (2009), 31.</ref>

==Tokugawa Period==

==Tokugawa Period==