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First established by [[Ota Dokan|Ôta Dôkan]] in [[1457]], the castle was a secondary center of power within the Kantô, under [[Odawara castle]], through much of the [[Sengoku period]]. Following the [[Siege of Odawara|fall of Odawara]] in [[1590]], [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] established [[Edo]] as his new center. Ieyasu undertook extensive renovations beginning in [[1592]].<ref name=shimizu>Plaque on-site at the Tokyo Imperial Palace Shimizumon[https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/18200797571/sizes/h/].</ref>

First established by [[Ota Dokan|Ôta Dôkan]] in [[1457]], the castle was a secondary center of power within the Kantô, under [[Odawara castle]], through much of the [[Sengoku period]]. Following the [[Siege of Odawara|fall of Odawara]] in [[1590]], [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] established [[Edo]] as his new center. Ieyasu undertook extensive renovations beginning in [[1592]].<ref name=shimizu>Plaque on-site at the Tokyo Imperial Palace Shimizumon[https://www.flickr.com/photos/toranosuke/18200797571/sizes/h/].</ref>

The castle then became the center of shogunal residence & rule, from [[1603]] onwards. The castle grounds were expanded significantly, including the construction of complexes of moats and gates (''mitsuke''), such that they came to encompass an area roughly 181 acres in size<ref name=guth>Christine Guth, ''Art of Edo Japan'', Yale University Press (1996), 92.</ref> - twice the expanse of [[Osaka castle]], the next-largest castle compound in the archipelago.<ref name=fujitani40>Takashi Fujitani, ''Splendid Monarchy'', University of California Press (1996), 40.</ref> The outer moats (''gaikaku'') are said to have been some ten miles in length, and roughly 160 feet both wide and deep, while the inner moats (''naikaku'') encircled a perimeter about four miles around, and one mile across.<ref>Daniele Lauro, "Displaying authority: Guns, political legitimacy, and martial pageantry in Tokugawa Japan, 1600 - 1868," MA Thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (2013), 55.</ref> The various halls and palaces in the complex are said to have been able to house as many as 260 ''daimyô'' and 50,000 other warriors, if need be, in case the city came under attack.<ref name=guth/> The grand ''tenshukaku'' (tower keep), the tallest ever built in Japan at 58 meters high & five stories high from exterior view, was begun in [[1607]] and completed in [[1638]], following a series of repairs to the castle as a whole in [[1622]]. Standing some 84 meters above sea level, it was one of the tallest (highest) sights visible in the city - rivaled only by [[Mt. Fuji]].<ref name=guth/> The castle suffered severe damage from fire on a number of occasions, perhaps most grievously in the [[1657]] [[Great Meireki Fire]], when the ''tenshu'' (main keep) was destroyed; the ''tenshu'' was never rebuilt.

The castle then became the center of shogunal residence & rule, from [[1603]] onwards. The castle grounds were expanded significantly, including the construction of complexes of moats and gates (including 36 ''mitsuke''<ref>Komabashiri Shôji 駒走昭二. ''Nihon kinsei seikatsu ehiki: Ryûkyûjin gyôretsu to Edo hen'' 日本近世生活絵引：琉球人行列と江戸編、Research Center for Nonwritten Cultural Materials, Institute for the Study of Japanese Folk Culture, Kanagawa University 神奈川大学日本常民文化研究所非文字資料研究センター (2020), 92.</ref>), such that they came to encompass an area roughly 181 acres in size<ref name=guth>Christine Guth, ''Art of Edo Japan'', Yale University Press (1996), 92.</ref> - twice the expanse of [[Osaka castle]], the next-largest castle compound in the archipelago.<ref name=fujitani40>Takashi Fujitani, ''Splendid Monarchy'', University of California Press (1996), 40.</ref> The outer moats (''gaikaku'') are said to have been some ten miles in length, and roughly 160 feet both wide and deep, while the inner moats (''naikaku'') encircled a perimeter about four miles around, and one mile across.<ref>Daniele Lauro, "Displaying authority: Guns, political legitimacy, and martial pageantry in Tokugawa Japan, 1600 - 1868," MA Thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (2013), 55.</ref> The various halls and palaces in the complex are said to have been able to house as many as 260 ''daimyô'' and 50,000 other warriors, if need be, in case the city came under attack.<ref name=guth/> The grand ''tenshukaku'' (tower keep), the tallest ever built in Japan at 58 meters high & five stories high from exterior view, was begun in [[1607]] and completed in [[1638]], following a series of repairs to the castle as a whole in [[1622]]. Standing some 84 meters above sea level, it was one of the tallest (highest) sights visible in the city - rivaled only by [[Mt. Fuji]].<ref name=guth/> The castle suffered severe damage from fire on a number of occasions, perhaps most grievously in the [[1657]] [[Great Meireki Fire]], when the ''tenshu'' (main keep) was destroyed; the ''tenshu'' was never rebuilt.

Another significant set of two fires took place in [[1863]], destroying the ''nishi-no-maru'', ''honmaru'', and ''ni-no-maru'' portions of the compound. The shogunate never replaced the ''honmaru'', which had up until then been the chief structure in the compound, housing the chief audience halls and administrative offices and meeting rooms, as well as the [[Ooku|Ôoku]]. Instead, for the final years of the [[Bakumatsu period]], the shogunate operated out of temporary structures hastily thrown up in the ''nishi-no-maru''.<ref name=fujitani40/>

Another significant set of two fires took place in [[1863]], destroying the ''nishi-no-maru'', ''honmaru'', and ''ni-no-maru'' portions of the compound. The shogunate never replaced the ''honmaru'', which had up until then been the chief structure in the compound, housing the chief audience halls and administrative offices and meeting rooms, as well as the [[Ooku|Ôoku]]. Instead, for the final years of the [[Bakumatsu period]], the shogunate operated out of temporary structures hastily thrown up in the ''nishi-no-maru''.<ref name=fujitani40/>