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===[[Nikko Kaido|Nikkô Kaidô]]日光街道===

===[[Nikko Kaido|Nikkô Kaidô]]日光街道===

(NR4, NR 119) The Nikkô-kaidô, also known as the Nikkô Dôchû 日光道中, ran from Edo to [[Nikko|Nikkô]], where [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] was enshrined. It separated from the Ôshû-kaidô in [[Utsunomiya]] 宇都宮.

(NR4, NR 119) The Nikkô-kaidô, also known as the Nikkô Dôchû 日光道中,<ref name=dochu>The alternate names of several highways as ''dôchû'' instead of ''kaidô'' stems from an effort by Confucian scholar [[Arai Hakuseki]] in the 1710s to "[[rectification of names|rectify the names]]" of these highways, which do not run by the sea, and thus he felt should not be called "sea roads" (海道, ''kaidô''). Watanabe Hiroshi, ''A History of Japanese Political Thought, 1600-1901'', International House of Japan (2012), 148.</ref> ran from Edo to [[Nikko|Nikkô]], where [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] was enshrined. It separated from the Ôshû-kaidô in [[Utsunomiya]] 宇都宮.

Its 21 stations included Utsunomiya, Shimo-, Naka- and Kami-Tokujira (徳次郎), Ôzawa, Imaichi, Hatsuishi（鉢石), and Nikkô bôchû 坊中. These were located roughly five kilometers apart, and in 1843 each station had an average of 2,264 residents and 39 ''hatagoya''.<ref name=gokaido/>

Its 21 stations included Utsunomiya, Shimo-, Naka- and Kami-Tokujira (徳次郎), Ôzawa, Imaichi, Hatsuishi（鉢石), and Nikkô bôchû 坊中. These were located roughly five kilometers apart, and in 1843 each station had an average of 2,264 residents and 39 ''hatagoya''.<ref name=gokaido/>

===[[Koshu Kaido|Kôshû Kaidô]]甲州街道===

===[[Koshu Kaido|Kôshû Kaidô]]甲州街道===

(Chûô 中央 Expressway; NR 20) The Kôshû-kaidô ran from Edo to Lake Suwa 諏訪湖, where it joined the Nakasendô, passing through [[Kai province]], which was also called Kôshû. The modern NR 20 passes south of [[Mt. Takao]] 高尾山 in Tokyo, but this is a route developed for automobiles. The original route went north of Mt. Takao through the Kobotoke Pass 小仏峠, parallel to the route today of the Chûô train line 中央線.

(Chûô 中央 Expressway; NR 20) The Kôshû-kaidô or Kôshû-dôchû<ref name=dochu/> ran from Edo to Lake Suwa 諏訪湖, where it joined the Nakasendô, passing through [[Kai province]], which was also called Kôshû. The modern NR 20 passes south of [[Mt. Takao]] 高尾山 in Tokyo, but this is a route developed for automobiles. The original route went north of Mt. Takao through the Kobotoke Pass 小仏峠, parallel to the route today of the Chûô train line 中央線.

Kai had come under Ieyasu's control in [[1582]], and during the Edo period the Kôshû Highway was considered a militarily sensitive escape route. Only a few daimyo were allowed to use it; most had to take the longer route of the Nakasendô highway.  

Kai had come under Ieyasu's control in [[1582]], and during the Edo period the Kôshû Highway was considered a militarily sensitive escape route. Only a few daimyo were allowed to use it; most had to take the longer route of the Nakasendô highway.