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Hoi An, located a short distance outside of Da Nang, was a major central [[Vietnam]]ese port in the early modern period, and home to a major ''[[Nihonmachi]]'' (Japantown) in the late 16th to early 17th centuries. Many European records refer to the city as Faifo.

Hoi An, located a short distance outside of Da Nang, was a major central [[Vietnam]]ese port in the early modern period, and home to a major ''[[Nihonmachi]]'' (Japantown) in the late 16th to early 17th centuries. Many European records refer to the city as Faifo.

The town emerged as a port in the early 16th century, when the area was still controlled by [[Champa]]. The area fell to the [[Nguyen lords]] of [[Quang Nam]] in [[1602]], as the Nguyen expanded south, and within only a few years, it became the largest port in Vietnam.

The town emerged as a port in the early 16th century, when the area was still controlled by [[Champa]]. The area fell to the [[Nguyen lords]] of [[Quang Nam]] in [[1602]], as the Nguyen expanded south, and within only a few years, it became the largest port in Vietnam. The modern-day territory of Vietnam was at that time divided into three polities. The [[Trinh lords|Trinh family]] were lords of [[Tonkin]] in the north; the Nguyen were lords of Quang Nam, also known as Quinam or Cochinchina, in central Vietnam; and the Champa polity of the non-Vietnamese [[Cham people]] constituted the south. While Japanese were active in both Champa and Tonkin in the 1590s-1630s, it was the Japanese community of Hoi An, the chief port of Nguyen-controlled Quang Nam, and the largest port in all of Vietnam,<ref>Alexander Woodside, “Central Vietnam's Trading World in the Eighteenth Century as Seen in Le Quy Don's 'Frontier Chronicles'” in Keith Taylor and John K. Whitmore (eds.), ''Essays into Vietnamese Pasts''. Cornell University (1995), 162.</ref> that was of particular prominence and influence in regional trade.

The community, home to only a few tens of Japanese families, got its start in the late 16th century, when [[Ming Dynasty]] policies forbade Chinese merchants to trade directly with Japanese; though direct trade continued in great amounts, including in [[Nagasaki]] (i.e., in Japan proper), many Chinese and Japanese merchants also came to use Hoi An, among other Southeast Asian sites, as intermediary points, where they could trade safely.

There was a seven-month-long trading season in Hoi An. During the dry season, local people from the valleys brought their own products, including [[silk]], spices, wood, and rice, to the port for trade. Chinese ships brought [[porcelain]]s, paper, books, [[silver]], [[tea]], weapons, saltpetre, sulfur, and lead, among other commodities. Makeshift markets were then set up to sell these Chinese goods, and to sell the local goods to the Chinese. Many of the market stalls were run by women, including wives of the Chinese merchants; many of the inns and eateries in the area were also run by women. While the Chinese dominated the purchase and shipping of [[gold]] and [[sugar]] out of Hoi An, however, it was the much smaller Japanese community that dominated the trade in textiles and many other goods.<ref>Lockard, 236-237.</ref>

The modern-day territory of Vietnam was at that time divided into three polities. The [[Trinh lords|Trinh family]] were lords of [[Tonkin]] in the north; the Nguyen were lords of Quang Nam, also known as Quinam or Cochinchina, in central Vietnam; and the Champa polity of the non-Vietnamese [[Cham people]] constituted the south. While Japanese were active in both Champa and Tonkin in the 1590s-1630s, it was the Japanese community of Hoi An, the chief port of Nguyen-controlled Quang Nam, and the largest port in all of Vietnam,<ref>Alexander Woodside, “Central Vietnam's Trading World in the Eighteenth Century as Seen in Le Quy Don's 'Frontier Chronicles'” in Keith Taylor and John K. Whitmore (eds.), ''Essays into Vietnamese Pasts''. Cornell University (1995), 162.</ref> that was of particular prominence and influence in regional trade.

The Japanese community in Hoi An, home to only a few tens of Japanese families, got its start in the late 16th century, when [[Ming Dynasty]] policies forbade Chinese merchants to trade directly with Japanese; though direct trade continued in great amounts, including in [[Nagasaki]] (i.e., in Japan proper), many Chinese and Japanese merchants also came to use Hoi An, among other Southeast Asian sites, as intermediary points, where they could trade safely. Roughly 42 [[red seal ships]] licenses were issued by the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] for trade with Quang Nam in [[1604]] to [[1616]].<ref>Geoffrey Gunn, ''History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800'', Hong Kong University Press (2011), 229.</ref> Over the total period from roughly 1590 to 1635, Hoi An constituted about one-quarter of all Japanese overseas trade activity, more than any other single port, and saw as many as ten Japanese ships each year.<ref>Chen Chingho A. ''Historical Notes on Hội An (Faifo)''. Carbondale, Illinois: Center for Vietnamese Studies, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, (1974), 13.</ref> Though the Japanese community never exceeded a few tens of families - in contrast to the 1,500 Japanese living in [[Ayutthaya]] and in [[Manila]],<ref>Gunn, 222-223.; Uezato Takashi. "The Formation of the Port City of Naha in Ryukyu and the World of Maritime Asia: From the Perspective of a Japanese Network." ''Acta Asiatica'' 95 (2008), 70.</ref> and to the thousands of Chinese in Hoi An<ref>A 1642 report to the Dutch East India Company by a Japanese inhabitant of the port describes a Chinese population of 4,000-5,000 and a Japanese population of 40-50. Laarhoven, Ruurdje (trans.) "A Japanese Resident's Account: Declaration of the Situation of Quinam Kingdom by Francisco, 1642." in Tana Li and Anthony Reid (eds.) ''Southern Vietnam under the Nguyễn: Documents on the Economic History of Cochinchina (Đàng Trong), 1602-1777''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (1993), 31.; by 1750, there were perhaps as many as 10,000 Chinese resident in the port, and even fewer Japanese than before. Kang, David C. “Hierarchy in Asian International Relations: 1300-1900.” ''Asian Security'' 1, no. 1 (2005): 69.</ref> - the Japanese nevertheless managed to be quite influential within the port's markets. Indeed, the comings and goings of Japanese ships from the port each year caused dramatic cyclical swings in local [[silk]] prices, as the Japanese bought up a great proportion of the newest and best silk, leaving a considerably smaller (and thus higher-priced) supply for Chinese and Dutch merchants.<ref>Tana Li. ''Nguyễn Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries''. Cornell University (1998), 63.</ref> The Japanese merchants of Hoi An also transshipped much of the goods between [[Phnom Penh]] and parts further east.<ref>Gunn, 227-228.</ref>

 

Roughly 42 [[red seal ships]] licenses were issued by the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] for trade with Quang Nam in [[1604]] to [[1616]].<ref>Geoffrey Gunn, ''History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800'', Hong Kong University Press (2011), 229.</ref> Over the total period from roughly 1590 to 1635, Hoi An constituted about one-quarter of all Japanese overseas trade activity, more than any other single port, and saw as many as ten Japanese ships each year.<ref>Chen Chingho A. ''Historical Notes on Hội An (Faifo)''. Carbondale, Illinois: Center for Vietnamese Studies, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, (1974), 13.</ref>

 

Though the Japanese community never exceeded a few tens of families - in contrast to the 1,500 Japanese living in [[Ayutthaya]] and in [[Manila]],<ref>Gunn, 222-223.; Uezato Takashi. "The Formation of the Port City of Naha in Ryukyu and the World of Maritime Asia: From the Perspective of a Japanese Network." ''Acta Asiatica'' 95 (2008), 70.</ref> and to the thousands of Chinese in Hoi An<ref>A 1642 report to the Dutch East India Company by a Japanese inhabitant of the port describes a Chinese population of 4,000-5,000 and a Japanese population of 40-50. Laarhoven, Ruurdje (trans.) "A Japanese Resident's Account: Declaration of the Situation of Quinam Kingdom by Francisco, 1642." in Tana Li and Anthony Reid (eds.) ''Southern Vietnam under the Nguyễn: Documents on the Economic History of Cochinchina (Đàng Trong), 1602-1777''. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (1993), 31.; by 1750, there were perhaps as many as 10,000 Chinese resident in the port, and even fewer Japanese than before. Kang, David C. “Hierarchy in Asian International Relations: 1300-1900.” ''Asian Security'' 1, no. 1 (2005): 69.</ref> - the Japanese nevertheless managed to be quite influential within the port's markets. Indeed, the comings and goings of Japanese ships from the port each year caused dramatic cyclical swings in local [[silk]] prices, as the Japanese bought up a great proportion of the newest and best silk, leaving a considerably smaller (and thus higher-priced) supply for Chinese and Dutch merchants.<ref>Tana Li. ''Nguyễn Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries''. Cornell University (1998), 63.</ref> The Japanese merchants of Hoi An also transshipped much of the goods between [[Phnom Penh]] and parts further east.<ref>Gunn, 227-228.</ref>

Though the Dutch only first arrived in the port in [[1633]], just two years before the Tokugawa shogunate imposed [[maritime restrictions]] banning Japanese from overseas activity, for the short period that Japanese and Dutch coexisted in the city, Japanese hesitancy to sell to the Dutch (instead dealing almost exclusively with Chinese, Vietnamese, and fellow Japanese) had profound impacts on Dutch access to Hoi An silks.<ref>Robert Innes, "The Door Ajar: Japan's Foreign Trade in the Seventeenth Century." PhD diss. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan (1980), 187-188.</ref>

Though the Dutch only first arrived in the port in [[1633]], just two years before the Tokugawa shogunate imposed [[maritime restrictions]] banning Japanese from overseas activity, for the short period that Japanese and Dutch coexisted in the city, Japanese hesitancy to sell to the Dutch (instead dealing almost exclusively with Chinese, Vietnamese, and fellow Japanese) had profound impacts on Dutch access to Hoi An silks.<ref>Robert Innes, "The Door Ajar: Japan's Foreign Trade in the Seventeenth Century." PhD diss. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan (1980), 187-188.</ref>