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===Nguyễn & Trinh===
===Nguyễn & Trinh===
In the 16th-18th centuries, Vietnam was divided, effectively, into three polities. [[Tonkin]], in the north, was ruled by the Trinh family, and [[Quang Nam]] in the central region, was ruled by the Nguyễn, while the southern region was the independent and ethnically distinct polity of [[Champa]].<ref>Tonkin (東京, lit. "Eastern Capital", V: ''Đông Kinh'') was also known as Đàng Ngoài (塘外, lit. "outside the dikes"), while Quang Nam (広南) was also known as Quinam, Cochinchina, and Đàng Trong (塘中, lit. "inside the dikes").</ref> The Trinh and Nguyễn domains were ruled by "lords," however, both under the ostensible authority of the emperor-kings of the [[Lê Dynasty]].
In the 16th-18th centuries, Vietnam was divided, effectively, into three polities. [[Tonkin]], in the north, was ruled by the Trinh family, and [[Quang Nam]] in the central region, was ruled by the Nguyễn, while the southern region was the independent and ethnically distinct polity of [[Champa]].<ref>Tonkin (東京, lit. "Eastern Capital", V: ''Đông Kinh'') was also known as Đàng Ngoài (塘外, lit. "outside the dikes"), while Quang Nam (広南) was also known as Quinam, Cochinchina, and Đàng Trong (塘中, lit. "inside the dikes").</ref> The Trinh and Nguyễn domains were ruled by "lords," however, both under the ostensible authority of the emperor-kings of the [[Lê Dynasty]].
[[Mac Dang Dung]] seized [[Hanoi]] for a time before being pushed back by Nguyen Kim and his son [[Nguyen Hoang]], who restored the Le Dynasty. But, the Mac held onto a foothold near the Chinese border, and conflict between the Mac and the Trinh & Nguyen forces continued for much of the 16th-17th centuries. Efforts to push the Mac out of Hanoi began in the 1520s, and finally succeeded in [[1592]], with Nguyen Hoang leading a seven-year-long campaign against the Mac again in [[1593]]-[[1600]]. Though based in the north, the Mac launched periodic raids on the south via sea, and were only finally eliminated in the 1670s or so.<ref>Keith Taylor, "Nguyen Hoang and the Beginning of Vietnam's Southward Expansion," in Anthony Reid (ed.), ''Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era'', Cornell University Press (1993), 42-65.</ref>
The first contact between Quang Nam and any Japanese is believed to have been with the pirate [[Shirahama Kenki]], who came raiding ships and shores in [[1585]]. He was driven off by Nguyễn ships, but returned in [[1599]]. The Nguyễn captured him, and wrote to Japan to ask what to do with him; [[Tokugawa Ieyasu|Tokugawa Ieyasu's]] [[1601]] response to Lord (''Chúa'') Nguyễn Hoang, explaining the [[shuinsen|red seal ship]] system,<ref>That authorized merchants would carry formal licenses marked with red seals, and that everyone else could be regarded as a pirate or smuggler, to be dealt with as the foreign polity (in this case, the Nguyễn court) saw fit.</ref> is considered the beginning of formal relations between the two polities.<ref>Li Tana, ''Nguyen Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries'' (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), 60-61.</ref> These were the first of some fifteen letters exchanged between Nguyễn Hoang and Ieyasu which survive from the period from 1601 until Nguyễn's death in 1613.<ref>Hoang, 22.</ref> An earlier document, however, dated to [[1591]], was discovered in 2013; seemingly written by the same Lord Nguyễn Hoang, it is addressed to the "King of Japan," referring presumably to [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]].<ref>「ベトナムから秀吉に？「日本国王」あての書簡発見」, Asahi Shimbun, 17 April 2013.</ref>
The first contact between Quang Nam and any Japanese is believed to have been with the pirate [[Shirahama Kenki]], who came raiding ships and shores in [[1585]]. He was driven off by Nguyễn ships, but returned in [[1599]]. The Nguyễn captured him, and wrote to Japan to ask what to do with him; [[Tokugawa Ieyasu|Tokugawa Ieyasu's]] [[1601]] response to Lord (''Chúa'') Nguyễn Hoang, explaining the [[shuinsen|red seal ship]] system,<ref>That authorized merchants would carry formal licenses marked with red seals, and that everyone else could be regarded as a pirate or smuggler, to be dealt with as the foreign polity (in this case, the Nguyễn court) saw fit.</ref> is considered the beginning of formal relations between the two polities.<ref>Li Tana, ''Nguyen Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries'' (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), 60-61.</ref> These were the first of some fifteen letters exchanged between Nguyễn Hoang and Ieyasu which survive from the period from 1601 until Nguyễn's death in 1613.<ref>Hoang, 22.</ref> An earlier document, however, dated to [[1591]], was discovered in 2013; seemingly written by the same Lord Nguyễn Hoang, it is addressed to the "King of Japan," referring presumably to [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]].<ref>「ベトナムから秀吉に？「日本国王」あての書簡発見」, Asahi Shimbun, 17 April 2013.</ref>