Changes

The Nara period takes its name from the site of [[Heijo-kyo|Heijô-kyô]] in present day [[Nara]], which served as the imperial capital from [[710]] until [[784]].

The Nara period takes its name from the site of [[Heijo-kyo|Heijô-kyô]] in present day [[Nara]], which served as the imperial capital from [[710]] until [[784]].

This period continued to witness the importation and adaptation of Chinese and Korean imperial and religious culture, as well as material culture; [[bronze]] [[mirrors]] from China and [[iron]] ingots from Korea were only two of the many categories of things imported.<ref>Geoffrey Gunn, ''History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800'', Hong Kong University Press (2011), 213.</ref> It saw the expansion of Buddhist influence at the court, and both the ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' and ''[[Kojiki]]'' were completed in the early Nara period. The period also saw the rise of the [[Fujiwara clan|Fujiwara family]], as well as the incorporation of southern [[Kyushu]] into the Japanese state (parts of [[Tohoku|Tôhoku]] would remain outside the Court's control into the 9th century, and beyond). The land was divided up into sixty-one [[provinces]], the total population of which may have been around five million. The vast majority of these people continued to live in [[pit-dwellings]], and to lead a bare agricultural existence, while the capital city of Heijô stood starkly apart, a microcosm of Chinese elite culture transplanted into a Japan otherwise little changed from earlier periods.<ref name=craig1516>[[Albert M. Craig]], ''The Heritage of Japanese Civilization'', Second Edition, Prentice Hall (2011), 15-16.</ref>

This period continued to witness the importation and adaptation of Chinese and Korean imperial and religious culture, as well as material culture; [[bronze]] [[mirrors]] from China and [[iron]] ingots from Korea were only two of the many categories of things imported. Via trade with China and Korea, Japan was also linked in this early period with rather distant cultures, via the land and sea routes known as the [[Silk Road]]. Objects from as far away as the Roman Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate have been found in archaeological excavations, and in storehouses such as the [[Shosoin|Shôsôin]].<ref>Geoffrey Gunn, ''History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800'', Hong Kong University Press (2011), 213.</ref>  

 

The Nara period saw the expansion of Buddhist influence at the court, and both the ''[[Nihon Shoki]]'' and ''[[Kojiki]]'' were completed in the early Nara period. The period also saw the rise of the [[Fujiwara clan|Fujiwara family]], as well as the incorporation of southern [[Kyushu]] into the Japanese state (parts of [[Tohoku|Tôhoku]] would remain outside the Court's control into the 9th century, and beyond). The land was divided up into sixty-one [[provinces]], the total population of which may have been around five million. The vast majority of these people continued to live in [[pit-dwellings]], and to lead a bare agricultural existence, while the capital city of Heijô stood starkly apart, a microcosm of Chinese elite culture transplanted into a Japan otherwise little changed from earlier periods.<ref name=craig1516>[[Albert M. Craig]], ''The Heritage of Japanese Civilization'', Second Edition, Prentice Hall (2011), 15-16.</ref>

The Imperial bureaucracy swelled to around 6,000 in this period. Roughly two-thirds of these courtiers were engaged in matters related to the Imperial Household, while less than 2,000 of them managed the actual administrative affairs of the state. The administration of the provinces, which had previously been ruled by local clans in a sort of loose confederation, was now delegated to provincial governors appointed from the capital.<ref name=craig1516/> Military service was provided by a conscript army, based on the Chinese model and incorporating roughly 1/3 of all men between the ages of 21 and 60. This system proved ineffective and inefficient, however, and in [[792]], the emperor abandoned the conscript system in favor of hiring local warriors who, in exchange, were freed from their tax obligations. This system of local warriors being hired by the Court continued deep into the Heian period, and constitutes the origins of the [[samurai]] class.<ref>Craig, 19-20.</ref>

The Imperial bureaucracy swelled to around 6,000 in this period. Roughly two-thirds of these courtiers were engaged in matters related to the Imperial Household, while less than 2,000 of them managed the actual administrative affairs of the state. The administration of the provinces, which had previously been ruled by local clans in a sort of loose confederation, was now delegated to provincial governors appointed from the capital.<ref name=craig1516/> Military service was provided by a conscript army, based on the Chinese model and incorporating roughly 1/3 of all men between the ages of 21 and 60. This system proved ineffective and inefficient, however, and in [[792]], the emperor abandoned the conscript system in favor of hiring local warriors who, in exchange, were freed from their tax obligations. This system of local warriors being hired by the Court continued deep into the Heian period, and constitutes the origins of the [[samurai]] class.<ref>Craig, 19-20.</ref>